
R version 3.6.2 Patched (2020-02-12 r77795) -- "Dark and Stormy Night"
Copyright (C) 2020 The R Foundation for Statistical Computing
Platform: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu (64-bit)

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> #### Testing print(), format()	and the like --- mainly with numeric()
> ####
> #### to be run as
> ####
> ####	R < print-tests.R  >&  print-tests.out-__version__
> ####			   == (csh)
> opt.conformance <- 0
> 
> DIG <- function(d)
+     if(missing(d)) getOption("digits") else options(digits=as.integer(d))
> 
> DIG(7)#-- the default; just to make sure ...
> options(width = 200)
> 
> n1 <- 2^(4*1:7)
> i1 <- as.integer(n1)
> 
> v1 <- 2^c(-12, 2*(-4:-2),3,6,9)
> v2 <- v1^(63/64)
> ## avoid ending in `5' as printing then depends on rounding of
> ## the run-time (and not all round to even).
> v1[1:4] <-c(2.44140624e-04, 3.90624e-03, 1.5624e-02, 6.24e-02)
> 
> 
> v3 <- pi*100^(-1:3)
> v4 <- (0:2)/1000 + 1e-10 #-- tougher one
> 
> digs1 <- c(1,2*(1:5),11:15)		# 16: platform dependent
> 					# 30 gives ERROR : options(digits=30)
> digs2 <- c(1:20)#,30) gives 'error' in R: ``print.default(): invalid digits..''
> 
> all(i1 == n1)# TRUE
[1] TRUE
> i1# prints nicely
[1]        16       256      4096     65536   1048576  16777216 268435456
> n1# did not; does now (same as 'i1')
[1]        16       256      4096     65536   1048576  16777216 268435456
> 
> round (v3, 3)#S+ & R 0.49:
[1]       0.031       3.142     314.159   31415.927 3141592.654
> ##[1]	0.031	    3.142     314.159	 31415.927 3141592.654
> signif(v3, 3)
[1] 3.14e-02 3.14e+00 3.14e+02 3.14e+04 3.14e+06
> ##R.49: [1] 0.0314	3.1400	   314.0000   31400.0000 3140000.0000
> ##S+	[1] 3.14e-02 3.14e+00 3.14e+02 3.14e+04 3.14e+06
> 
> ###----------------------------------------------------------------
> ##- Date: Tue, 20 May 97 17:11:18 +0200
> 
> ##- From: Martin Maechler <maechler@stat.math.ethz.ch>
> ##- To: R-devel@stat.math.ethz.ch
> ##- Subject: R-alpha: print 'problems': print(2^30, digits=12); comments at start of function()
> ##-
> ##- Both of these bugs are not a real harm,
> ##- however, they have been annoying me for too long ... ;-)
> ##-
> ##- 1)
> print  (2^30, digits = 12) #-  WAS exponential form, unnecessarily -- now ok
[1] 1073741824
> formatC(2^30, digits = 12) #- shows you what you'd want above
[1] "   1073741824"
> 
> ## S and R are now the same here;  note that the problem also affects
> ##	paste(.)  & format(.) :
> 
> DIG(10); paste(n1); DIG(7)
[1] "16"        "256"       "4096"      "65536"     "1048576"   "16777216"  "268435456"
> 
> 
> ## Assignment to .Options$digits: Does NOT work for  print() nor cat()
> for(i in digs1) { .Options$digits <- i; cat(i,":"); print (v1[-1]) }
1 :[1] 3.90624e-03 1.56240e-02 6.24000e-02 8.00000e+00 6.40000e+01 5.12000e+02
2 :[1] 3.90624e-03 1.56240e-02 6.24000e-02 8.00000e+00 6.40000e+01 5.12000e+02
4 :[1] 3.90624e-03 1.56240e-02 6.24000e-02 8.00000e+00 6.40000e+01 5.12000e+02
6 :[1] 3.90624e-03 1.56240e-02 6.24000e-02 8.00000e+00 6.40000e+01 5.12000e+02
8 :[1] 3.90624e-03 1.56240e-02 6.24000e-02 8.00000e+00 6.40000e+01 5.12000e+02
10 :[1] 3.90624e-03 1.56240e-02 6.24000e-02 8.00000e+00 6.40000e+01 5.12000e+02
11 :[1] 3.90624e-03 1.56240e-02 6.24000e-02 8.00000e+00 6.40000e+01 5.12000e+02
12 :[1] 3.90624e-03 1.56240e-02 6.24000e-02 8.00000e+00 6.40000e+01 5.12000e+02
13 :[1] 3.90624e-03 1.56240e-02 6.24000e-02 8.00000e+00 6.40000e+01 5.12000e+02
14 :[1] 3.90624e-03 1.56240e-02 6.24000e-02 8.00000e+00 6.40000e+01 5.12000e+02
15 :[1] 3.90624e-03 1.56240e-02 6.24000e-02 8.00000e+00 6.40000e+01 5.12000e+02
> 
> ## using options()  *does* things
> for(i in digs1) { DIG(i); cat(i,":"); print (v3) }
1 :[1] 3e-02 3e+00 3e+02 3e+04 3e+06
2 :[1] 3.1e-02 3.1e+00 3.1e+02 3.1e+04 3.1e+06
4 :[1] 3.142e-02 3.142e+00 3.142e+02 3.142e+04 3.142e+06
6 :[1] 3.14159e-02 3.14159e+00 3.14159e+02 3.14159e+04 3.14159e+06
8 :[1] 3.1415927e-02 3.1415927e+00 3.1415927e+02 3.1415927e+04 3.1415927e+06
10 :[1] 3.141592654e-02 3.141592654e+00 3.141592654e+02 3.141592654e+04 3.141592654e+06
11 :[1] 3.1415926536e-02 3.1415926536e+00 3.1415926536e+02 3.1415926536e+04 3.1415926536e+06
12 :[1] 3.14159265359e-02 3.14159265359e+00 3.14159265359e+02 3.14159265359e+04 3.14159265359e+06
13 :[1] 3.14159265359e-02 3.14159265359e+00 3.14159265359e+02 3.14159265359e+04 3.14159265359e+06
14 :[1] 3.1415926535898e-02 3.1415926535898e+00 3.1415926535898e+02 3.1415926535898e+04 3.1415926535898e+06
15 :[1] 3.14159265358979e-02 3.14159265358979e+00 3.14159265358979e+02 3.14159265358979e+04 3.14159265358979e+06
> for(i in digs1) { DIG(i); cat(i,":", formatC(v3, digits=i, width=8),"\n") }
1 :     0.03        3    3e+02    3e+04    3e+06 
2 :    0.031      3.1  3.1e+02  3.1e+04  3.1e+06 
4 :  0.03142    3.142    314.2 3.142e+04 3.142e+06 
6 : 0.0314159  3.14159  314.159  31415.9 3.14159e+06 
8 : 0.031415927 3.1415927 314.15927 31415.927 3141592.7 
10 : 0.03141592654 3.141592654 314.1592654 31415.92654 3141592.654 
11 : 0.031415926536 3.1415926536 314.15926536 31415.926536 3141592.6536 
12 : 0.0314159265359 3.14159265359 314.159265359 31415.9265359 3141592.65359 
13 : 0.0314159265359 3.14159265359 314.159265359 31415.9265359 3141592.65359 
14 : 0.031415926535898 3.1415926535898 314.15926535898 31415.926535898 3141592.6535898 
15 : 0.0314159265358979 3.14159265358979 314.159265358979 31415.9265358979 3141592.65358979 
> 
> 
> ## R-0.50: switches to NON-exp at 14, but should only at 15...
> ## R-0.61++: doesn' switch at all (or at 20 only)
> ## S-plus: does not switch at all..
> for(i in digs1) { cat(i,":");  print(v1, digits=i) }
1 :[1] 2e-04 4e-03 2e-02 6e-02 8e+00 6e+01 5e+02
2 :[1] 2.4e-04 3.9e-03 1.6e-02 6.2e-02 8.0e+00 6.4e+01 5.1e+02
4 :[1] 2.441e-04 3.906e-03 1.562e-02 6.240e-02 8.000e+00 6.400e+01 5.120e+02
6 :[1] 2.44141e-04 3.90624e-03 1.56240e-02 6.24000e-02 8.00000e+00 6.40000e+01 5.12000e+02
8 :[1] 2.4414062e-04 3.9062400e-03 1.5624000e-02 6.2400000e-02 8.0000000e+00 6.4000000e+01 5.1200000e+02
10 :[1] 2.44140624e-04 3.90624000e-03 1.56240000e-02 6.24000000e-02 8.00000000e+00 6.40000000e+01 5.12000000e+02
11 :[1] 2.44140624e-04 3.90624000e-03 1.56240000e-02 6.24000000e-02 8.00000000e+00 6.40000000e+01 5.12000000e+02
12 :[1] 2.44140624e-04 3.90624000e-03 1.56240000e-02 6.24000000e-02 8.00000000e+00 6.40000000e+01 5.12000000e+02
13 :[1] 2.44140624e-04 3.90624000e-03 1.56240000e-02 6.24000000e-02 8.00000000e+00 6.40000000e+01 5.12000000e+02
14 :[1] 2.44140624e-04 3.90624000e-03 1.56240000e-02 6.24000000e-02 8.00000000e+00 6.40000000e+01 5.12000000e+02
15 :[1] 2.44140624e-04 3.90624000e-03 1.56240000e-02 6.24000000e-02 8.00000000e+00 6.40000000e+01 5.12000000e+02
> 
> ## R 0.50-a1: switches at 10 inst. 11
> for(i in digs1) { cat(i,":");  print(v1[-1], digits=i) }
1 :[1] 4e-03 2e-02 6e-02 8e+00 6e+01 5e+02
2 :[1] 3.9e-03 1.6e-02 6.2e-02 8.0e+00 6.4e+01 5.1e+02
4 :[1] 3.906e-03 1.562e-02 6.240e-02 8.000e+00 6.400e+01 5.120e+02
6 :[1] 3.90624e-03 1.56240e-02 6.24000e-02 8.00000e+00 6.40000e+01 5.12000e+02
8 :[1] 3.90624e-03 1.56240e-02 6.24000e-02 8.00000e+00 6.40000e+01 5.12000e+02
10 :[1] 3.90624e-03 1.56240e-02 6.24000e-02 8.00000e+00 6.40000e+01 5.12000e+02
11 :[1] 3.90624e-03 1.56240e-02 6.24000e-02 8.00000e+00 6.40000e+01 5.12000e+02
12 :[1] 3.90624e-03 1.56240e-02 6.24000e-02 8.00000e+00 6.40000e+01 5.12000e+02
13 :[1] 3.90624e-03 1.56240e-02 6.24000e-02 8.00000e+00 6.40000e+01 5.12000e+02
14 :[1] 3.90624e-03 1.56240e-02 6.24000e-02 8.00000e+00 6.40000e+01 5.12000e+02
15 :[1] 3.90624e-03 1.56240e-02 6.24000e-02 8.00000e+00 6.40000e+01 5.12000e+02
> 
> for(i in digs1) { DIG(i); cat(i,":", formatC(v2, digits=i, width=8),"\n") }
1 :   0.0003    0.004     0.02     0.07        8    6e+01    5e+02 
2 :  0.00028   0.0043    0.017    0.065      7.7       60  4.6e+02 
4 : 0.000278  0.00426  0.01667  0.06527    7.744    59.97    464.4 
6 : 0.000278025 0.0042598 0.0166741 0.0652671  7.74425  59.9734  464.449 
8 : 0.00027802457 0.0042597958 0.016674069 0.065267111 7.7442472 59.973364 464.44856 
10 : 0.000278024569 0.004259795831 0.01667406876 0.0652671114 7.744247174 59.97336429 464.4485569 
11 : 0.00027802456903 0.0042597958307 0.016674068761 0.065267111402 7.744247174 59.973364292 464.44855693 
12 : 0.000278024569032 0.00425979583072 0.0166740687606 0.0652671114017 7.74424717397 59.9733642915 464.448556928 
13 : 0.0002780245690324 0.004259795830724 0.01667406876058 0.06526711140171 7.744247173969 59.97336429153 464.4485569281 
14 : 0.0002780245690324 0.0042597958307237 0.016674068760575 0.065267111401713 7.7442471739692 59.97336429153 464.4485569281 
15 : 0.000278024569032395 0.00425979583072366 0.0166740687605754 0.0652671114017134 7.74424717396918 59.9733642915296 464.448556928102 
> 
> for(i in digs1) { cat(i,":");  print(v2, digits=i) } #-- exponential all thru
1 :[1] 3e-04 4e-03 2e-02 7e-02 8e+00 6e+01 5e+02
2 :[1] 2.8e-04 4.3e-03 1.7e-02 6.5e-02 7.7e+00 6.0e+01 4.6e+02
4 :[1] 2.780e-04 4.260e-03 1.667e-02 6.527e-02 7.744e+00 5.997e+01 4.644e+02
6 :[1] 2.78025e-04 4.25980e-03 1.66741e-02 6.52671e-02 7.74425e+00 5.99734e+01 4.64449e+02
8 :[1] 2.7802457e-04 4.2597958e-03 1.6674069e-02 6.5267111e-02 7.7442472e+00 5.9973364e+01 4.6444856e+02
10 :[1] 2.780245690e-04 4.259795831e-03 1.667406876e-02 6.526711140e-02 7.744247174e+00 5.997336429e+01 4.644485569e+02
11 :[1] 2.7802456903e-04 4.2597958307e-03 1.6674068761e-02 6.5267111402e-02 7.7442471740e+00 5.9973364292e+01 4.6444855693e+02
12 :[1] 2.78024569032e-04 4.25979583072e-03 1.66740687606e-02 6.52671114017e-02 7.74424717397e+00 5.99733642915e+01 4.64448556928e+02
13 :[1] 2.780245690324e-04 4.259795830724e-03 1.667406876058e-02 6.526711140171e-02 7.744247173969e+00 5.997336429153e+01 4.644485569281e+02
14 :[1] 2.7802456903240e-04 4.2597958307237e-03 1.6674068760575e-02 6.5267111401713e-02 7.7442471739692e+00 5.9973364291530e+01 4.6444855692810e+02
15 :[1] 2.78024569032395e-04 4.25979583072366e-03 1.66740687605754e-02 6.52671114017134e-02 7.74424717396918e+00 5.99733642915296e+01 4.64448556928102e+02
> ##	 ^^^^^ digs2 (>= 18: PLATFORM dependent !!
> for(i in digs1) { cat(i,":", formatC(v2, digits=i, width=8),"\n") }
1 :   0.0003    0.004     0.02     0.07        8    6e+01    5e+02 
2 :  0.00028   0.0043    0.017    0.065      7.7       60  4.6e+02 
4 : 0.000278  0.00426  0.01667  0.06527    7.744    59.97    464.4 
6 : 0.000278025 0.0042598 0.0166741 0.0652671  7.74425  59.9734  464.449 
8 : 0.00027802457 0.0042597958 0.016674069 0.065267111 7.7442472 59.973364 464.44856 
10 : 0.000278024569 0.004259795831 0.01667406876 0.0652671114 7.744247174 59.97336429 464.4485569 
11 : 0.00027802456903 0.0042597958307 0.016674068761 0.065267111402 7.744247174 59.973364292 464.44855693 
12 : 0.000278024569032 0.00425979583072 0.0166740687606 0.0652671114017 7.74424717397 59.9733642915 464.448556928 
13 : 0.0002780245690324 0.004259795830724 0.01667406876058 0.06526711140171 7.744247173969 59.97336429153 464.4485569281 
14 : 0.0002780245690324 0.0042597958307237 0.016674068760575 0.065267111401713 7.7442471739692 59.97336429153 464.4485569281 
15 : 0.000278024569032395 0.00425979583072366 0.0166740687605754 0.0652671114017134 7.74424717396918 59.9733642915296 464.448556928102 
> 
> DIG(7)#-- the default; just to make sure ...
> 
> N1 <- 10; N2 <- 7; n <- 8
> x <- 0:N1
> Mhyp <- rbind(phyper(x, N1, N2, n), dhyper(x, N1, N2, n))
> Mhyp
     [,1]         [,2]       [,3]     [,4]      [,5]      [,6]      [,7]       [,8]       [,9] [,10] [,11]
[1,]    0 0.0004113534 0.01336898 0.117030 0.4193747 0.7821884 0.9635952 0.99814891 1.00000000     1     1
[2,]    0 0.0004113534 0.01295763 0.103661 0.3023447 0.3628137 0.1814068 0.03455368 0.00185109     0     0
> ##-	 [,1]	      [,2]	 [,3]	  [,4]	    [,5]      [,6]	[,7]
> ##- [1,]    0 0.0004113534 0.01336898 0.117030 0.4193747 0.7821884 0.9635952
> ##- [2,]    0 0.0004113534 0.01295763 0.103661 0.3023447 0.3628137 0.1814068
> ##-	       [,8]	  [,9] [,10] [,11]
> ##- [1,] 0.99814891 1.00000000	   1	 1
> ##- [2,] 0.03455368 0.00185109	   0	 0
> 
> m11 <- c(-1,1)
> Mm <- pi*outer(m11, 10^(-5:5))
> Mm <- cbind(Mm, outer(m11, 10^-(5:1)))
> Mm
              [,1]          [,2]         [,3]        [,4]       [,5]      [,6]      [,7]      [,8]      [,9]     [,10]     [,11]  [,12]  [,13]  [,14] [,15] [,16]
[1,] -3.141593e-05 -0.0003141593 -0.003141593 -0.03141593 -0.3141593 -3.141593 -31.41593 -314.1593 -3141.593 -31415.93 -314159.3 -1e-05 -1e-04 -0.001 -0.01  -0.1
[2,]  3.141593e-05  0.0003141593  0.003141593  0.03141593  0.3141593  3.141593  31.41593  314.1593  3141.593  31415.93  314159.3  1e-05  1e-04  0.001  0.01   0.1
> do.p <- TRUE
> do.p <- FALSE
> for(di in 1:10) {
+     options(digits=di)
+     cat(if(do.p)"\n",formatC(di,w=2),":", format.info(Mm),"\n")
+     if(do.p)print(Mm)
+ }
  1 : 6 0 1 
  2 : 8 1 1 
  3 : 9 2 1 
  4 : 10 3 1 
  5 : 11 4 1 
  6 : 12 5 1 
  7 : 13 6 1 
  8 : 14 7 1 
  9 : 15 8 1 
 10 : 16 9 1 
> ##-- R-0.49 (4/1997)	 R-0.50-a1 (7.7.97)
> ##-  1 : 13 5 0		 1 :  6 0 1
> ##-  2 :  8 1 1	=	 2 :  8 1 1
> ##-  3 :  9 2 1	=	 3 :  9 2 1
> ##-  4 : 10 3 1	=	 4 : 10 3 1
> ##-  5 : 11 4 1	=	 5 : 11 4 1
> ##-  6 : 12 5 1	=	 6 : 12 5 1
> ##-  7 : 13 6 1	=	 7 : 13 6 1
> ##-  8 : 14 7 1	=	 8 : 14 7 1
> ##-  9 : 15 8 1	=	 9 : 15 8 1
> ##- 10 : 16 9 1	=	10 : 16 9 1
> nonFin <- list(c(Inf,-Inf), c(NaN,NA), NA_real_, Inf)
> mm <- sapply(nonFin, format.info)
> fm <- lapply(nonFin, format)
> w <- c(4,3,2,3)
> stopifnot(sapply(lapply(fm, nchar), max) == w,
+ 	  mm == rbind(w, 0, 0))# m[2,] was 2147483647; m[3,] was 1
> cnF <- c(lapply(nonFin, function(x) complex(re=x, im=x))[-3],
+          complex(re=NaN, im=-Inf))
> cmm <- sapply(cnF, format.info)
> cfm <- lapply(cnF, format)
> cw <- sapply(lapply(cfm, nchar), max)
> stopifnot(cw == cmm[1,]+1 +cmm[4,]+1,
+ 	  nchar(format(c(NA, 1 + 2i))) == 4)# wrongly was (5,4)
> 
> 
> ##-- Ok now, everywhere
> for(d in 1:9) {cat(d,":"); print(v4, digits=d) }
1 :[1] 1e-10 1e-03 2e-03
2 :[1] 1e-10 1e-03 2e-03
3 :[1] 1e-10 1e-03 2e-03
4 :[1] 1e-10 1e-03 2e-03
5 :[1] 1e-10 1e-03 2e-03
6 :[1] 1e-10 1e-03 2e-03
7 :[1] 1e-10 1e-03 2e-03
8 :[1] 0.0000000001 0.0010000001 0.0020000001
9 :[1] 0.0000000001 0.0010000001 0.0020000001
> DIG(7)
> 
> 
> ###------------ Very big and very small
> umach <- unlist(.Machine)[paste("double.x", c("min","max"), sep='')]
> xmin <- umach[1]
> xmax <- umach[2]
> tx <- unique(c(outer(-1:1,c(.1,1e-3,1e-7))))# 7 values  (out of 9)
> tx <- unique(sort(c(outer(umach,1+tx))))# 11 values (+ 1 Inf)
> length(tx <- tx[is.finite(tx)]) # 11
[1] 11
> (txp <- tx[tx >= 1])#-- Positive exponent -- 4 values
[1] 1.617924e+308 1.795895e+308 1.797693e+308 1.797693e+308
> (txn <- tx[tx <	 1])#-- Negative exponent -- 7 values
[1] 2.002566e-308 2.222849e-308 2.225074e-308 2.225074e-308 2.225074e-308 2.227299e-308 2.447581e-308
> 
> x2 <- c(0.099999994, 0.2)
> x2 # digits=7: show all seven "9"s
[1] 0.09999999 0.20000000
> print(x2, digits=6) # 0.1 0.2 , not 0.10 0.20
[1] 0.1 0.2
> v <- 6:8; names(v) <- v; sapply(v, format.info, x=x2)
     6  7  8
[1,] 3 10 11
[2,] 1  8  9
[3,] 0  0  0
> 
> (z <- sort(c(outer(range(txn), 8^c(0,2:3)))))
[1] 2.002566e-308 2.447581e-308 1.281643e-306 1.566452e-306 1.025314e-305 1.253162e-305
> outer(z, 0:6, signif) # had NaN's till 1.1.1
       [,1]   [,2]     [,3]      [,4]       [,5]        [,6]         [,7]
[1,] 2e-308 2e-308 2.0e-308 2.00e-308 2.003e-308 2.0026e-308 2.00257e-308
[2,] 2e-308 2e-308 2.4e-308 2.45e-308 2.448e-308 2.4476e-308 2.44758e-308
[3,] 1e-306 1e-306 1.3e-306 1.28e-306 1.282e-306 1.2816e-306 1.28164e-306
[4,] 2e-306 2e-306 1.6e-306 1.57e-306 1.566e-306 1.5665e-306 1.56645e-306
[5,] 1e-305 1e-305 1.0e-305 1.03e-305 1.025e-305 1.0253e-305 1.02531e-305
[6,] 1e-305 1e-305 1.3e-305 1.25e-305 1.253e-305 1.2532e-305 1.25316e-305
> 
> olddig <- options(digits=14) # RH6.0 fails at 15
> z <- 1.234567891234567e27
> for(dig in 1:14) cat(formatC(dig,w=2),
+                      format(z, digits=dig), signif(z, digits=dig), "\n")
 1 1e+27 1e+27 
 2 1.2e+27 1.2e+27 
 3 1.23e+27 1.23e+27 
 4 1.235e+27 1.235e+27 
 5 1.2346e+27 1.2346e+27 
 6 1.23457e+27 1.23457e+27 
 7 1.234568e+27 1.234568e+27 
 8 1.2345679e+27 1.2345679e+27 
 9 1.23456789e+27 1.23456789e+27 
10 1.234567891e+27 1.234567891e+27 
11 1.2345678912e+27 1.2345678912e+27 
12 1.23456789123e+27 1.23456789123e+27 
13 1.234567891235e+27 1.234567891235e+27 
14 1.2345678912346e+27 1.2345678912346e+27 
> options(olddig)
> # The following are tests of printf inside formatC
> ##------ Use  Emacs screen width 134 ;	Courier 12 ----
> # cat("dig|  formatC(txp, d=dig)\n")
> # for(dig in 1:17)# about >= 18 is platform dependent [libc's printf()..].
> #     cat(formatC(dig,w=2), formatC(txp,		      dig=dig, wid=-29),"\n")
> # cat("signif() behavior\n~~~~~~~~\n",
> #     "dig|  formatC(signif(txp, dig=dig), dig = dig\n")
> # for(dig in 1:15)#
> #     cat(formatC(dig,w=2), formatC(signif(txp, d=dig), dig=dig, wid=-26),"\n")
> 
> # if(opt.conformance >= 1) {
> #     noquote(cbind(formatC(txp, dig = 22)))
> # }
> 
> # cat("dig|  formatC(signif(txn, d = dig), dig=dig\n")
> # for(dig in 1:15)#
> #     cat(formatC(dig,w=2), formatC(signif(txn, d=dig), dig=dig, wid=-20),"\n")
> 
> # ##-- Testing  'print' / digits :
> # for(dig in 1:13) { ## 12:13: libc-2.0.7 diff; 14:18 --- PLATFORM-dependent !!!
> #     cat("dig=",formatC(dig,w=2),": "); print(signif(txp, d=dig),dig=dig+1)
> # }
> 
> ##-- Wrong alignment when printing character matrices with  quote = FALSE
> m1 <- matrix(letters[1:24],6,4)
> m1
     [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
[1,] "a"  "g"  "m"  "s" 
[2,] "b"  "h"  "n"  "t" 
[3,] "c"  "i"  "o"  "u" 
[4,] "d"  "j"  "p"  "v" 
[5,] "e"  "k"  "q"  "w" 
[6,] "f"  "l"  "r"  "x" 
> noquote(m1)
     [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
[1,] a    g    m    s   
[2,] b    h    n    t   
[3,] c    i    o    u   
[4,] d    j    p    v   
[5,] e    k    q    w   
[6,] f    l    r    x   
> 
> ##--- Complex matrices and named vectors :
> 
> x0 <- x <- c(1+1i, 1.2 + 10i)
> names(x) <- c("a","b")
> x
      a       b 
1.0+ 1i 1.2+10i
> (xx <-	rbind(x,  2*x))
     a       b
x 1+1i 1.2+10i
  2+2i 2.4+20i
> 	rbind(x0, 2*x0)
   [,1]    [,2]
x0 1+1i 1.2+10i
   2+2i 2.4+20i
> x[4:6] <- c(Inf,Inf*c(-1,1i))
> x  + pi
            a             b                                                         
4.141593+  1i 4.341593+ 10i            NA      Inf+  0i     -Inf+NaNi      NaN+Infi
> matrix(x + pi, 2)
             [,1]   [,2]      [,3]
[1,] 4.141593+ 1i     NA -Inf+NaNi
[2,] 4.341593+10i Inf+0i  NaN+Infi
> matrix(x + 1i*pi, 3)
               [,1]           [,2]
[1,] 1.0+ 4.141593i  Inf+3.141593i
[2,] 1.2+13.141593i -Inf+     NaNi
[3,]             NA  NaN+     Infi
> xx + pi
            a           b
x 4.141593+1i 4.34159+10i
  5.141593+2i 5.54159+20i
> t(cbind(xx, xx+ 1i*c(1,pi)))
        x               
a 1.0+ 1i 2.0+ 2.000000i
b 1.2+10i 2.4+20.000000i
a 1.0+ 2i 2.0+ 5.141593i
b 1.2+11i 2.4+23.141593i
> 
> #--- format checks after incorrect changes in Nov 2000
> zz <- data.frame("(row names)" = c("aaaaa", "b"), check.names = FALSE)
> format(zz)
  (row names)
1       aaaaa
2           b
> format(zz, justify = "left")
  (row names)
1       aaaaa
2       b    
> zz <- data.frame(a = I("abc"), b = I("def\"gh"))
> format(zz)
    a      b
1 abc def"gh
> # " (font-locking: closing the string above)
> 
> # test format.data.frame on former AsIs's.
> set.seed(321)
> dd <- data.frame(x = 1:5, y = rnorm(5), z = c(1, 2, NA, 4, 5))
> model <- glm(y ~ x, data = dd, subset = 1:4, na.action = na.omit)
> expand.model.frame(model, "z", na.expand = FALSE)
           y x z
1  1.7049032 1 1
2 -0.7120386 2 2
4 -0.1196490 4 4
> expand.model.frame(model, "z", na.expand = TRUE)
           y x  z
1  1.7049032 1  1
2 -0.7120386 2  2
3 -0.2779849 3 NA
4 -0.1196490 4  4
> 
> ## print.table() changes affecting summary.data.frame
> options(width=82)
> summary(attenu) # ``one line''
     event            mag           station         dist            accel        
 Min.   : 1.00   Min.   :5.000   117    :  5   Min.   :  0.50   Min.   :0.00300  
 1st Qu.: 9.00   1st Qu.:5.300   1028   :  4   1st Qu.: 11.32   1st Qu.:0.04425  
 Median :18.00   Median :6.100   113    :  4   Median : 23.40   Median :0.11300  
 Mean   :14.74   Mean   :6.084   112    :  3   Mean   : 45.60   Mean   :0.15422  
 3rd Qu.:20.00   3rd Qu.:6.600   135    :  3   3rd Qu.: 47.55   3rd Qu.:0.21925  
 Max.   :23.00   Max.   :7.700   (Other):147   Max.   :370.00   Max.   :0.81000  
                                 NA's   : 16                                     
> lst <- levels(attenu$station)
> levels(attenu$station)[lst == "117"] <- paste(rep(letters,3),collapse="")
> summary(attenu) # {2 + one long + 2 } variables
     event            mag       
 Min.   : 1.00   Min.   :5.000  
 1st Qu.: 9.00   1st Qu.:5.300  
 Median :18.00   Median :6.100  
 Mean   :14.74   Mean   :6.084  
 3rd Qu.:20.00   3rd Qu.:6.600  
 Max.   :23.00   Max.   :7.700  
                                
                                                                           station   
 abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz:  5  
 1028                                                                          :  4  
 113                                                                           :  4  
 112                                                                           :  3  
 135                                                                           :  3  
 (Other)                                                                       :147  
 NA's                                                                          : 16  
      dist            accel        
 Min.   :  0.50   Min.   :0.00300  
 1st Qu.: 11.32   1st Qu.:0.04425  
 Median : 23.40   Median :0.11300  
 Mean   : 45.60   Mean   :0.15422  
 3rd Qu.: 47.55   3rd Qu.:0.21925  
 Max.   :370.00   Max.   :0.81000  
                                   
> ## in 1.7.0, things were split to more lines
> 
> ## format.default(*, nsmall > 0)  -- for real and complex
> 
> sf <- function(x, N=14) sapply(0:N, function(i) format(x,nsmall=i))
> sf(2)
 [1] "2"                "2.0"              "2.00"             "2.000"           
 [5] "2.0000"           "2.00000"          "2.000000"         "2.0000000"       
 [9] "2.00000000"       "2.000000000"      "2.0000000000"     "2.00000000000"   
[13] "2.000000000000"   "2.0000000000000"  "2.00000000000000"
> sf(3.141)
 [1] "3.141"            "3.141"            "3.141"            "3.141"           
 [5] "3.1410"           "3.14100"          "3.141000"         "3.1410000"       
 [9] "3.14100000"       "3.141000000"      "3.1410000000"     "3.14100000000"   
[13] "3.141000000000"   "3.1410000000000"  "3.14100000000000"
> sf(-1.25, 20)
 [1] "-1.25"                   "-1.25"                   "-1.25"                  
 [4] "-1.250"                  "-1.2500"                 "-1.25000"               
 [7] "-1.250000"               "-1.2500000"              "-1.25000000"            
[10] "-1.250000000"            "-1.2500000000"           "-1.25000000000"         
[13] "-1.250000000000"         "-1.2500000000000"        "-1.25000000000000"      
[16] "-1.250000000000000"      "-1.2500000000000000"     "-1.25000000000000000"   
[19] "-1.250000000000000000"   "-1.2500000000000000000"  "-1.25000000000000000000"
> 
> oDig <- options(digits= 3)
> sf(pi)
 [1] "3.14"             "3.14"             "3.14"             "3.142"           
 [5] "3.1416"           "3.14159"          "3.141593"         "3.1415927"       
 [9] "3.14159265"       "3.141592654"      "3.1415926536"     "3.14159265359"   
[13] "3.141592653590"   "3.1415926535898"  "3.14159265358979"
> sf(1.2e7)
 [1] "1.2e+07" "1.2e+07" "1.2e+07" "1.2e+07" "1.2e+07" "1.2e+07" "1.2e+07"
 [8] "1.2e+07" "1.2e+07" "1.2e+07" "1.2e+07" "1.2e+07" "1.2e+07" "1.2e+07"
[15] "1.2e+07"
> sf(1.23e7)
 [1] "12300000"                "12300000.0"              "12300000.00"            
 [4] "12300000.000"            "12300000.0000"           "12300000.00000"         
 [7] "12300000.000000"         "12300000.0000000"        "12300000.00000000"      
[10] "12300000.000000000"      "12300000.0000000000"     "12300000.00000000000"   
[13] "12300000.000000000000"   "12300000.0000000000000"  "12300000.00000000000000"
> s <- -0.01234
> sf(s)
 [1] "-0.0123"           "-0.0123"           "-0.0123"          
 [4] "-0.0123"           "-0.0123"           "-0.01234"         
 [7] "-0.012340"         "-0.0123400"        "-0.01234000"      
[10] "-0.012340000"      "-0.0123400000"     "-0.01234000000"   
[13] "-0.012340000000"   "-0.0123400000000"  "-0.01234000000000"
> 
> sf(pi + 2.2i)
 [1] "3.14+2.2i"                          "3.14+2.2i"                         
 [3] "3.14+2.20i"                         "3.142+2.200i"                      
 [5] "3.1416+2.2000i"                     "3.14159+2.20000i"                  
 [7] "3.141593+2.200000i"                 "3.1415927+2.2000000i"              
 [9] "3.14159265+2.20000000i"             "3.141592654+2.200000000i"          
[11] "3.1415926536+2.2000000000i"         "3.14159265359+2.20000000000i"      
[13] "3.141592653590+2.200000000000i"     "3.1415926535898+2.2000000000000i"  
[15] "3.14159265358979+2.20000000000000i"
> sf(s + pi*1i)
 [1] "-0.01+3.14i"                         "-0.01+3.14i"                        
 [3] "-0.01+3.14i"                         "-0.012+3.142i"                      
 [5] "-0.0123+3.1416i"                     "-0.01234+3.14159i"                  
 [7] "-0.012340+3.141593i"                 "-0.0123400+3.1415927i"              
 [9] "-0.01234000+3.14159265i"             "-0.012340000+3.141592654i"          
[11] "-0.0123400000+3.1415926536i"         "-0.01234000000+3.14159265359i"      
[13] "-0.012340000000+3.141592653590i"     "-0.0123400000000+3.1415926535898i"  
[15] "-0.01234000000000+3.14159265358979i"
> 
> options(oDig)
> 
> e1 <- tryCatch(options(max.print=Inf), error=function(e)e)
Warning message:
In options(max.print = Inf) : NAs introduced by coercion to integer range
> e2 <- tryCatch(options(max.print= 0),  error=function(e)e)
> stopifnot(inherits(e1, "error"))
> 
> 
> ## Printing of "Date"s
> options(width = 80)
> op <- options(max.print = 500)
> dd <- as.Date("2012-03-12") + -10000:100
> writeLines(t1 <- tail(capture.output(dd)))
[476] "1986-02-12" "1986-02-13" "1986-02-14" "1986-02-15" "1986-02-16"
[481] "1986-02-17" "1986-02-18" "1986-02-19" "1986-02-20" "1986-02-21"
[486] "1986-02-22" "1986-02-23" "1986-02-24" "1986-02-25" "1986-02-26"
[491] "1986-02-27" "1986-02-28" "1986-03-01" "1986-03-02" "1986-03-03"
[496] "1986-03-04" "1986-03-05" "1986-03-06" "1986-03-07" "1986-03-08"
 [ reached 'max' / getOption("max.print") -- omitted 9601 entries ]
> l6 <- length(capture.output(print(dd, max = 600)))
> options(op)
> t2 <- tail(capture.output(print(dd, max = 500)))
> stopifnot(identical(t1, t2), l6 == 121)
> ## not quite consistent in R <= 2.14.x
> 
> 
> ## Calls with S3 class are not evaluated when (auto)-printed
> obj <- structure(quote(stop("should not be evaluated")), class = "foo")
> #--
> a <- list(obj)
> b <- pairlist(obj)
> c <- structure(list(), attr = obj)
> d <- list(list(obj, pairlist(obj, structure(list(obj), attr = obj)), NULL))
> # Now auto-print, and explicit print(.) :
> a
[[1]]
stop("should not be evaluated")
attr(,"class")
[1] "foo"

> b
[[1]]
stop("should not be evaluated")
attr(,"class")
[1] "foo"

> c
list()
attr(,"attr")
stop("should not be evaluated")
attr(,"class")
[1] "foo"
> d
[[1]]
[[1]][[1]]
stop("should not be evaluated")
attr(,"class")
[1] "foo"

[[1]][[2]]
[[1]][[2]][[1]]
stop("should not be evaluated")
attr(,"class")
[1] "foo"

[[1]][[2]][[2]]
[[1]][[2]][[2]][[1]]
stop("should not be evaluated")
attr(,"class")
[1] "foo"

attr(,"attr")
stop("should not be evaluated")
attr(,"class")
[1] "foo"


[[1]][[3]]
NULL


> print(a)
[[1]]
stop("should not be evaluated")
attr(,"class")
[1] "foo"

> print(b)
[[1]]
stop("should not be evaluated")
attr(,"class")
[1] "foo"

> print(c)
list()
attr(,"attr")
stop("should not be evaluated")
attr(,"class")
[1] "foo"
> print(d)
[[1]]
[[1]][[1]]
stop("should not be evaluated")
attr(,"class")
[1] "foo"

[[1]][[2]]
[[1]][[2]][[1]]
stop("should not be evaluated")
attr(,"class")
[1] "foo"

[[1]][[2]][[2]]
[[1]][[2]][[2]][[1]]
stop("should not be evaluated")
attr(,"class")
[1] "foo"

attr(,"attr")
stop("should not be evaluated")
attr(,"class")
[1] "foo"


[[1]][[3]]
NULL


> # Now with a method defined (again "auto" + explicit print()):
> print.foo <- function(x, ...) cat("dispatched\n")
> a ; print(a)
[[1]]
dispatched

[[1]]
dispatched

> b ; print(b)
[[1]]
dispatched

[[1]]
dispatched

> c ; print(c)
list()
attr(,"attr")
dispatched
list()
attr(,"attr")
dispatched
> d ; print(d)
[[1]]
[[1]][[1]]
dispatched

[[1]][[2]]
[[1]][[2]][[1]]
dispatched

[[1]][[2]][[2]]
[[1]][[2]][[2]][[1]]
dispatched

attr(,"attr")
dispatched


[[1]][[3]]
NULL


[[1]]
[[1]][[1]]
dispatched

[[1]][[2]]
[[1]][[2]][[1]]
dispatched

[[1]][[2]][[2]]
[[1]][[2]][[2]][[1]]
dispatched

attr(,"attr")
dispatched


[[1]][[3]]
NULL


> 
> 
> ## tagbuf is preserved after print dispatch in pairlists
> obj <- structure(list(), class = "foo")
> pairlist(a = list(A = obj, B = obj))
$a
$a$A
dispatched

$a$B
dispatched


> list(list(pairlist(obj), NULL)) ## should print [[1]][[2]] \n NULL
[[1]]
[[1]][[1]]
[[1]][[1]][[1]]
dispatched


[[1]][[2]]
NULL


> LLo <- list(list(obj,
+                  pairlist(a=obj, b=structure(list(C=obj), attr=obj)),
+                  NULL))
> LLo ## tags (names and [[<n>]]) were lost in R <= 3.5.0
[[1]]
[[1]][[1]]
dispatched

[[1]][[2]]
[[1]][[2]]$a
dispatched

[[1]][[2]]$b
[[1]][[2]]$b$C
dispatched

attr(,"attr")
dispatched


[[1]][[3]]
NULL


> 
> ## show() is preferred over print() when printing recursively
> print.callS4Class <- function(x, ...) stop("should not be dispatched")
> .CallS4Class <- setClass("callS4Class", slots = c(x = "numeric"))
> setMethod("show", "callS4Class", function(object) cat("S4 show!\n"))
> x <- .CallS4Class(x = 1)
> ## these should all say 'S4 show!'
> list(x) ; pairlist(x) # these 2 failed in R <= 3.5.0
[[1]]
S4 show!

[[1]]
S4 show!

> structure(list(), attr = x)
list()
attr(,"attr")
S4 show!
> rm(x, .CallS4Class)
> 
> 
> ## Print dispatch does not reset parameters
> local({
+     num <- 0.123456789
+     print(list(num, obj, num), digits = 2) # should print 2 x '0.12'
+ })
[[1]]
[1] 0.12

[[2]]
dispatched

[[3]]
[1] 0.12

> 
> 
> ## User-supplied arguments are forwarded on print-dispatch
> print.foo <- function(x, other = FALSE, digits = 0L, ...) {
+     cat("digits: ", digits, "\n")
+     stopifnot(other, digits == 4, !...length())
+ }
> a <- list(obj)
> b <- pairlist(obj)
> c <- LLo[[1]][[2]]$b
> d <- LLo
> print(a, digits = 4, other = TRUE)
[[1]]
digits:  4 

> print(b, digits = 4, other = TRUE)
[[1]]
digits:  4 

> print(c, digits = 4, other = TRUE)
$C
digits:  4 

attr(,"attr")
digits:  4 
> print(d, digits = 4, other = TRUE)
[[1]]
[[1]][[1]]
digits:  4 

[[1]][[2]]
[[1]][[2]]$a
digits:  4 

[[1]][[2]]$b
[[1]][[2]]$b$C
digits:  4 

attr(,"attr")
digits:  4 


[[1]][[3]]
NULL


> #
> ## Deparsing should not reset parameters
> print(list(a, expression(foo), b, quote(foo), c, base::list, d),
+       digits = 4, other = TRUE)
[[1]]
[[1]][[1]]
digits:  4 


[[2]]
expression(foo)

[[3]]
[[3]][[1]]
digits:  4 


[[4]]
foo

[[5]]
[[5]]$C
digits:  4 

attr(,"attr")
digits:  4 

[[6]]
function (...)  .Primitive("list")

[[7]]
[[7]][[1]]
[[7]][[1]][[1]]
digits:  4 

[[7]][[1]][[2]]
[[7]][[1]][[2]]$a
digits:  4 

[[7]][[1]][[2]]$b
[[7]][[1]][[2]]$b$C
digits:  4 

attr(,"attr")
digits:  4 


[[7]][[1]][[3]]
NULL


> ## Cleanup
> rm(print.foo, obj, a, b, c, d)
>