% File src/library/base/man/raw.Rd
% Part of the R package, https://www.R-project.org
% Copyright 2004-2016 R Core Team
% Distributed under GPL 2 or later

\name{raw}
\alias{raw}
\alias{as.raw}
\alias{is.raw}
\title{Raw Vectors}
\description{
  Creates or tests for objects of type \code{"raw"}.
}
\usage{
raw(length = 0)
as.raw(x)
is.raw(x)
}
\arguments{
  \item{length}{desired length.}
  \item{x}{object to be coerced.}
}
\value{
  \code{raw} creates a raw vector of the specified length.
  Each element of the vector is equal to \code{0}.
  Raw vectors are used to store fixed-length sequences of bytes.

  \code{as.raw} attempts to coerce its argument to be of raw
  type.  The (elementwise) answer will be \code{0} unless the
  coercion succeeds (or if the original value successfully coerces to 0).

  \code{is.raw} returns true if and only if \code{typeof(x) == "raw"}.
}
\details{
  The raw type is intended to hold raw bytes.  It is possible to extract
  subsequences of bytes, and to replace elements (but only by elements
  of a raw vector).  The relational operators (see \link{Comparison},
  using the numerical order of the byte representation) work, as do the
  logical operators (see \link{Logic}) with a bitwise interpretation.

  A raw vector is printed with each byte separately represented as a
  pair of hex digits.  If you want to see a character representation
  (with escape sequences for non-printing characters) use
  \code{\link{rawToChar}}.

  Coercion to raw treats the input values as representing small
  (decimal) integers, so the input is first coerced to integer, and then
  values which are outside the range \code{[0 \dots 255]} or are
  \code{NA} are set to \code{0} (the \code{nul} byte).

  \code{as.raw} and \code{is.raw} are \link{primitive} functions.
}
\seealso{
  \code{\link{charToRaw}}, \code{\link{rawShift}}, etc.

  \code{\link{&}} for bitwise operations on raw vectors.
}
\examples{
xx <- raw(2)
xx[1] <- as.raw(40)     # NB, not just 40.
xx[2] <- charToRaw("A")
xx       ## 28 41   -- raw prints hexadecimals
dput(xx) ## as.raw(c(0x28, 0x41))
as.integer(xx) ## 40 65

x <- "A test string"
(y <- charToRaw(x))
is.vector(y) # TRUE
rawToChar(y)
is.raw(x)
is.raw(y)
stopifnot( charToRaw("\xa3") == as.raw(0xa3) )

isASCII <-  function(txt) all(charToRaw(txt) <= as.raw(127))
isASCII(x)  # true
isASCII("\xa325.63") # false (in Latin-1, this is an amount in UK pounds)
}
\keyword{classes}