
R Under development (unstable) (2022-03-19 r81942) -- "Unsuffered Consequences"
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> ####--- S4 Methods (and Classes)  --- see also ../src/library/methods/tests/
> 
> #### Instead of adding more tests depending on recommended packages,
> #### re-facror into a separate script and treat like eval-etc-2.R
> 
> options(useFancyQuotes=FALSE)
> require(methods)
> assertError <- tools::assertError # "import"
> ##too fragile: showMethods(where = "package:methods")
> 
> ## When this test comes too late, it failed too early in R <= 3.2.2
> require(stats4)
Loading required package: stats4
> detach("package:methods")
> require("methods")
Loading required package: methods
> cc <- methods::getClassDef("standardGeneric")
> cc ## (auto) print failed here, in R <= 3.2.2
Class "standardGeneric" [package "methods"]

Slots:
                                                                  
Name:           .Data        generic        package          group
Class:       function      character      character           list
                                                                  
Name:      valueClass      signature        default       skeleton
Class:      character      character optionalMethod           call

Extends: 
Class "genericFunction", directly
Class "function", by class "genericFunction", distance 2
Class "OptionalFunction", by class "function", distance 3
Class "PossibleMethod", by class "function", distance 3
Class "optionalMethod", by class "genericFunction", distance 4

Known Subclasses: "standardGenericWithTrace"
> stopifnot(.isMethodsDispatchOn()) ## was FALSE in R <= 3.2.2
> 
> 
> ## Needs cached primitive generic for '$'
> new("envRefClass")# failed in R <= 3.2.0
Reference class object of class "envRefClass"
> 
> ##-- S4 classes with S3 slots [moved from ./reg-tests-1.R]
> setClass("test1", representation(date="POSIXct"))
> x <- new("test1", date=as.POSIXct("2003-10-09"))
> stopifnot(format(x @ date) == "2003-10-09")
> ## line 2 failed in 1.8.0 because of an extraneous space in "%in%"
> 
> stopifnot(all.equal(3:3, 3.), all.equal(1., 1:1))
> 
> ## trace (requiring methods):
> f <- function(x, y) { c(x,y)}
> xy <- 0
> trace(f, quote(x <- c(1, x)), exit = quote(xy <<- x), print = FALSE)
[1] "f"
> fxy <- f(2,3)
> stopifnot(identical(fxy, c(1,2,3)))
> stopifnot(identical(xy, c(1,2)))
> untrace(f)
> 
> ## a generic and its methods
> 
> setGeneric("f")
[1] "f"
> setMethod("f", c("character", "character"), function(x,	 y) paste(x,y))
> 
> ## trace the generic
> trace("f", quote(x <- c("A", x)), exit = quote(xy <<- c(x, "Z")), print = FALSE)
[1] "f"
> 
> ## should work for any method
> 
> stopifnot(identical(f(4,5), c("A",4,5)),
+           identical(xy, c("A", 4, "Z")))
> 
> stopifnot(identical(f("B", "C"), paste(c("A","B"), "C")),
+           identical(xy, c("A", "B", "Z")))
> 
> ## trace a method
> trace("f", sig = c("character", "character"), quote(x <- c(x, "D")),
+       exit = quote(xy <<- xyy <<- c(x, "W")), print = FALSE)
[1] "f"
> 
> stopifnot(identical(f("B", "C"), paste(c("A","B","D"), "C")))
> stopifnot(identical(xyy, c("A", "B", "D", "W")))
> # got broken by Luke's lexical scoping fix:
> #stopifnot(identical(xy, xyy))
> 
> ## but the default method is unchanged
> stopifnot(identical(f(4,5), c("A",4,5)),
+           identical(xy, c("A", 4, "Z")))
> 
> removeGeneric("f")
[1] TRUE
> ## end of moved from trace.Rd
> 
> 
> ## print/show dispatch  [moved from  ./reg-tests-2.R ]
> ## The results  have waffled back and forth.
> ## Currently (R 2.4.0) the intent is that automatic printing of S4
> ## objects should correspond to a call to show(), as per the green
> ## book, p. 332.  Therefore, the show() method is called, once defined,
> ## for auto-printing foo, regardless of the S3 or S4 print() method.
> ## (But most of this example is irrelevant if one avoids S3 methods for
> ## S4 classes, as one should.)
> setClass("bar", representation(a="numeric"))
> foo <- new("bar", a=pi)
> foo
An object of class "bar"
Slot "a":
[1] 3.141593

> show(foo)
An object of class "bar"
Slot "a":
[1] 3.141593

> print(foo)
An object of class "bar"
Slot "a":
[1] 3.141593

> 
> setMethod("show", "bar", function(object){cat("show method\n")})
> show(foo)
show method
> foo
show method
> print(foo)
show method
> # suppressed because output depends on current choice of S4 type or
> # not.  Can reinstate when S4 type is obligatory
> # print(foo, digits = 4)
> 
> ## DON'T DO THIS:  S3 methods for S4 classes are a design error JMC iii.9.09
> ## print.bar <- function(x, ...) cat("print method\n")
> ## foo
> ## print(foo)
> ## show(foo)
> 
> setMethod("print", "bar", function(x, ...){cat("S4 print method\n")})
> foo
show method
> print(foo)
S4 print method
> show(foo)
show method
> ## calling print() with more than one argument suppresses the show()
> ## method, largely to prevent an infinite loop if there is in fact no
> ## show() method for this class.  A better solution would be desirable.
> print(foo, digits = 4)
S4 print method
> 
> cn <- "integer or NULL"
> setClassUnion(cn, members = c("integer", "NULL"))
> setClass("c1", representation(x = "integer", code = cn))
> stopifnot(exprs = {
+     cn %in% extends(getClass("NULL"))
+     cn %in% extends(getClass(".NULL"))
+     cn %in% extends(getClass("integer"))
+ })
> nc <- new("c1", x = 1:2)
> str(nc)# gave ^ANULL^A in 2.0.0
Formal class 'c1' [package ".GlobalEnv"] with 2 slots
  ..@ x   : int [1:2] 1 2
  ..@ code: NULL
> ##
> 
> showMethods("coerce", classes=c("matrix", "numeric"))
Function: coerce (package methods)
from="ANY", to="matrix"
from="ANY", to="numeric"

> ## {gave wrong result for a while in R 2.4.0}
> 
> ## Most for "mle" in stats4:
> for(f in c("coef", "confint", "logLik", "plot", "profile",
+ 	   "show", "summary", "update", "vcov"))
+     if(!hasMethods(f)) stop("no S4 methods found for ", f)
> 
> 
> ##--- "[" fiasco before R 2.2.0 :
> d2 <- data.frame(b= I(matrix(1:6,3,2)))
> ## all is well:
> d2[2,]
     [,1] [,2]
[1,]    2    5
> stopifnot(identical(d2[-1,], d2[2:3,]))
> ## Now make "[" into S4 generic by defining a trivial method
> setClass("Mat", representation(Dim = "integer", "VIRTUAL"))
> setMethod("[", signature(x = "Mat",
+ 			 i = "missing", j = "missing", drop = "ANY"),
+ 	  function (x, i, j, drop) x)
> ## Can even remove the method: it doesn't help
> removeMethod("[", signature(x = "Mat",
+                             i = "missing", j = "missing", drop = "ANY"))
[1] TRUE
> d2[1:2,] ## used to fail badly; now okay
     [,1] [,2]
[1,]    1    4
[2,]    2    5
> stopifnot(identical(d2[-1,], d2[2:3,]))
> ## failed in R <= 2.1.x
> 
> 
> ## Fritz' S4 "odditiy"
> setClass("X", representation(bar="numeric"))
> setClass("Y", contains="X")
> ## Now we define a generic foo() and two different methods for "X" and
> ## "Y" objects for arg missing:
> setGeneric("foo", function(object, arg) standardGeneric("foo"))
[1] "foo"
> setMethod("foo", signature(object= "X", arg="missing"),
+           function(object, arg) cat("an X object with bar =", object@bar, "\n"))
> setMethod("foo", signature(object= "Y", arg="missing"),
+           function(object, arg) cat("a Y object with bar =", object@bar, "\n"))
> ## Finally we create a method where arg is "logical" only for class
> ## "X", hence class "Y" should inherit that:
> setMethod("foo", signature(object= "X", arg= "logical"),
+           function(object, arg) cat("Hello World!\n") )
> ## now create objects and call methods:
> y <- new("Y", bar=2)
> ## showMethods("foo")
> foo(y)
a Y object with bar = 2 
> foo(y, arg=TRUE)## Hello World!
Hello World!
> ## OK, inheritance worked, and we have
> ## showMethods("foo")
> foo(y)
a Y object with bar = 2 
> ## still 'Y' -- was 'X object' in R < 2.3
> 
> 
> ## Multiple inheritance
> setClass("A", representation(x = "numeric"))
> setClass("B", representation(y = "character"))
> setClass("C", contains = c("A", "B"), representation(z = "logical"))
> new("C")
An object of class "C"
Slot "z":
logical(0)

Slot "x":
numeric(0)

Slot "y":
character(0)

> setClass("C", contains = c("A", "B"), representation(z = "logical"),
+          prototype = prototype(x = 1.5, y = "test", z = TRUE))
> (cc <- new("C"))
An object of class "C"
Slot "z":
[1] TRUE

Slot "x":
[1] 1.5

Slot "y":
[1] "test"

> ## failed reconcilePropertiesAndPrototype(..) after svn r37018
> stopifnot(identical(selectSuperClasses("C", dropVirtual = TRUE), c("A", "B")),
+ 	  0 == length(.selectSuperClasses(getClass("B")@contains)))
> 
> ## "Logic" group -- was missing in R <= 2.4.0
> stopifnot(all(getGroupMembers("Logic") %in% c("&", "|")),
+ 	  any(getGroupMembers("Ops") == "Logic"))
> setClass("brob", contains="numeric")
> b <- new("brob", 3.14)
> logic.brob.error <- function(nm)
+     stop("logic operator '", nm, "' not applicable to brobs")
> logic2 <- function(e1,e2) logic.brob.error(.Generic)
> setMethod("Logic", signature("brob", "ANY"), logic2)
> setMethod("Logic", signature("ANY", "brob"), logic2)
> ## Now ensure that using group members gives error:
> assertError(b & b)
Note: method with signature 'brob#ANY' chosen for function '&',
 target signature 'brob#brob'.
 "ANY#brob" would also be valid
> assertError(b | 1)
> assertError(TRUE & b)
> 
> 
> ## methods' hidden cbind() / rbind:
> setClass("myMat", representation(x = "numeric"))
> setMethod("cbind2", signature(x = "myMat", y = "missing"), function(x,y) x)
> m <- new("myMat", x = c(1, pi))
> stopifnot(identical(m, methods:::cbind(m)), identical(m, cbind(m)))
> 
> 
> ## explicit print or show on a basic class with an S4 bit
> ## caused infinite recursion
> setClass("Foo", representation(name="character"), contains="matrix")
> (f <- new("Foo", name="Sam", matrix()))
An object of class "Foo"
     [,1]
[1,]   NA
Slot "name":
[1] "Sam"

> f2 <- new("Foo", .Data = diag(2), name="Diag")# explicit .Data
> (m <- as(f, "matrix"))
     [,1]
[1,]   NA
> ## this has no longer (2.7.0) an S4 bit: set it explicitly just for testing:
> stopifnot(isS4(m. <- asS4(m)),
+           identical(m, f@.Data),
+ 	  .hasSlot(f, "name"))# failed in R <= 2.13.1
> show(m.)
     [,1]
[1,]   NA
> print(m.)
     [,1]
[1,]   NA
> ## fixed in 2.5.0 patched
> 
> ## callGeneric inside a method with new arguments {hence using .local()}:
> setGeneric("Gfun", function(x, ...) standardGeneric("Gfun"),
+ 	   useAsDefault = function(x, ...) sum(x, ...))
[1] "Gfun"
> setClass("myMat", contains="matrix")
> setClass("mmat2", contains="matrix")
> setClass("mmat3", contains="mmat2")
> setMethod(Gfun, signature(x = "myMat"),
+ 	  function(x, extrarg = TRUE) {
+ 	      cat("in 'myMat' method for 'Gfun() : extrarg=", extrarg, "\n")
+ 	      Gfun(unclass(x))
+ 	  })
> setMethod(Gfun, signature(x = "mmat2"),
+ 	  function(x, extrarg = TRUE) {
+ 	      cat("in 'mmat2' method for 'Gfun() : extrarg=", extrarg, "\n")
+ 	      x <- unclass(x)
+ 	      callGeneric()
+ 	  })
> setMethod(Gfun, signature(x = "mmat3"),
+ 	  function(x, extrarg = TRUE) {
+ 	      cat("in 'mmat3' method for 'Gfun() : extrarg=", extrarg, "\n")
+ 	      x <- as(x, "mmat2")
+ 	      callGeneric()
+ 	  })
> wrapG <- function(x, a1, a2) {
+     myextra <- missing(a1) && missing(a2)
+     Gfun(x, extrarg = myextra)
+ }
> 
> (mm <- new("myMat", diag(3)))
An object of class "myMat"
     [,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,]    1    0    0
[2,]    0    1    0
[3,]    0    0    1
> Gfun(mm)
in 'myMat' method for 'Gfun() : extrarg= TRUE 
[1] 3
> stopifnot(identical(wrapG(mm),    Gfun(mm, TRUE)),
+           identical(wrapG(mm,,2), Gfun(mm, FALSE)))
in 'myMat' method for 'Gfun() : extrarg= TRUE 
in 'myMat' method for 'Gfun() : extrarg= TRUE 
in 'myMat' method for 'Gfun() : extrarg= FALSE 
in 'myMat' method for 'Gfun() : extrarg= FALSE 
> 
> Gfun(mm, extrarg = FALSE)
in 'myMat' method for 'Gfun() : extrarg= FALSE 
[1] 3
> m2 <- new("mmat2", diag(3))
> Gfun(m2)
in 'mmat2' method for 'Gfun() : extrarg= TRUE 
[1] 3
> Gfun(m2, extrarg = FALSE)
in 'mmat2' method for 'Gfun() : extrarg= FALSE 
[1] 3
> ## The last two gave Error ...... variable ".local" was not found
> (m3 <- new("mmat3", diag(3)))
An object of class "mmat3"
     [,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,]    1    0    0
[2,]    0    1    0
[3,]    0    0    1
> Gfun(m3)
in 'mmat3' method for 'Gfun() : extrarg= TRUE 
in 'mmat2' method for 'Gfun() : extrarg= TRUE 
[1] 3
> Gfun(m3, extrarg = FALSE) # used to not pass 'extrarg'
in 'mmat3' method for 'Gfun() : extrarg= FALSE 
in 'mmat2' method for 'Gfun() : extrarg= FALSE 
[1] 3
> 
> ## -- a variant of the above which failed in version <= 2.5.1 :
> setGeneric("Gf", function(x, ...) standardGeneric("Gf"))
[1] "Gf"
> setMethod(Gf, signature(x = "mmat2"),
+           function(x, ...) {
+               cat("in 'mmat2' method for 'Gf()\n")
+               x <- unclass(x)
+               callGeneric()
+           })
> setMethod(Gf, signature(x = "mmat3"),
+           function(x, ...) {
+               cat("in 'mmat3' method for 'Gf()\n")
+               x <- as(x, "mmat2")
+               callGeneric()
+           })
> setMethod(Gf, signature(x = "matrix"),
+ 	  function(x, a1, ...) {
+               cat(sprintf("matrix %d x %d ...\n", nrow(x), ncol(x)))
+               list(x=x, a1=a1, ...)
+           })
> 
> wrap2 <- function(x, a1, ...) {
+     A1 <- if(missing(a1)) "A1" else as.character(a1)
+     Gf(x, ..., a1 = A1)
+ }
> ## Gave errors in R 2.5.1 :
> wrap2(m2, foo = 3.14)
in 'mmat2' method for 'Gf()
matrix 3 x 3 ...
$x
     [,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,]    1    0    0
[2,]    0    1    0
[3,]    0    0    1

$a1
[1] "A1"

$foo
[1] 3.14

> wrap2(m2, 10, answer.all = 42)
in 'mmat2' method for 'Gf()
matrix 3 x 3 ...
$x
     [,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,]    1    0    0
[2,]    0    1    0
[3,]    0    0    1

$a1
[1] "10"

$answer.all
[1] 42

> 
> 
> ## regression tests of dispatch: most of these became primitive in 2.6.0
> setClass("c1", "numeric")
> setClass("c2", "numeric")
> x_c1 <- new("c1")
> # the next failed < 2.5.0 as the signature in .BasicFunsList was wrong
> setMethod("as.character", "c1", function(x, ...) "fn test")
> as.character(x_c1)
[1] "fn test"
> 
> setMethod("as.integer", "c1", function(x, ...) 42)
> as.integer(x_c1)
[1] 42
> 
> setMethod("as.logical", "c1", function(x, ...) NA)
> as.logical(x_c1)
[1] NA
> 
> setMethod("as.complex", "c1", function(x, ...) pi+0i)
> as.complex(x_c1)
[1] 3.141593+0i
> 
> setMethod("as.raw", "c1", function(x) as.raw(10))
> as.raw(x_c1)
[1] 0a
> 
> # as.double, as.real use as.numeric for their methods to maintain equivalence
> setMethod("as.numeric", "c1", function(x, ...) 42+pi)
> identical(as.numeric(x_c1),as.double(x_c1))
[1] TRUE
> 
> 
> setMethod(as.double, "c2", function(x, ...) x@.Data+pi)
> x_c2 <- new("c2", pi)
> identical(as.numeric(x_c2),as.double(x_c2))
[1] TRUE
> 
> ## '!' changed signature from 'e1' to 'x' in 2.6.0
> setClass("foo", "logical")
> setMethod("!", "foo", function(e1) e1+NA)
Warning message:
For function '!', signature 'foo': argument in method definition changed from (e1) to (x) 
> selectMethod("!", "foo")
Method Definition:

function (x) 
x + NA

Signatures:
        x    
target  "foo"
defined "foo"
> xx <- new("foo", FALSE)
> !xx
An object of class "foo"
[1] NA
> 
> ## This fails in R versions earlier than 2.6.0:
> setMethod("as.vector", "foo", function(x) unclass(x))
> stopifnot(removeClass("foo"))
> 
> ## stats4::AIC in R < 2.7.0 used to clobber stats::AIC
> pfit <- function(data) {
+     m <- mean(data)
+     loglik <- sum(dpois(data, m))
+     ans <- list(par = m, loglik = loglik)
+     class(ans) <- "pfit"
+     ans
+ }
> AIC.pfit <- function(object, ..., k = 2) -2*object$loglik + k
> AIC(pfit(1:10))
[1] 0.05867604
> library(stats4) # and keep on search() for tests below
> AIC(pfit(1:10)) # failed in R < 2.7.0
[1] 0.05867604
> 
> ## For a few days (~ 2008-01-30), this failed to work without any notice:
> setClass("Mat",  representation(Dim = "integer","VIRTUAL"))
> setClass("dMat", representation(x = "numeric",  "VIRTUAL"), contains = "Mat")
> setClass("CMat", representation(dnames = "list","VIRTUAL"), contains = "Mat")
> setClass("dCMat", contains = c("dMat", "CMat"))
> stopifnot(!isVirtualClass("dCMat"),
+ 	  length(slotNames(new("dCMat"))) == 3)
> 
> 
> ## Passing "..." arguments in nested callGeneric()s
> setClass("m1", contains="matrix")
> setClass("m2", contains="m1")
> setClass("m3", contains="m2")
> ##
> setGeneric("foo", function(x, ...) standardGeneric("foo"))
[1] "foo"
> setMethod("foo", signature(x = "m1"),
+ 	  function(x, ...) cat(" <m1> ", format(match.call()),"\n"))
> setMethod("foo", signature(x = "m2"),
+ 	  function(x, ...) {
+ 	      cat(" <m2> ", format(match.call()),"\n")
+ 	      x <- as(x, "m1"); callGeneric()
+ 	  })
> setMethod("foo", signature(x = "m3"),
+ 	  function(x, ...) {
+ 	      cat(" <m3> ", format(match.call()),"\n")
+ 	      x <- as(x, "m2"); callGeneric()
+ 	  })
> foo(new("m1"), bla = TRUE)
 <m1>  foo(x = new("m1"), bla = TRUE) 
> foo(new("m2"), bla = TRUE)
 <m2>  foo(x = new("m2"), bla = TRUE) 
 <m1>  foo(x = x, bla = TRUE) 
> foo(new("m3"), bla = TRUE)
 <m3>  foo(x = new("m3"), bla = TRUE) 
 <m2>  foo(x = x, bla = TRUE) 
 <m1>  foo(x = x, bla = TRUE) 
> ## The last one used to loose 'bla = TRUE' {the "..."} when it got to m1
> 
> ## is() for S3 objects with multiple class strings
> setClassUnion("OptionalPOSIXct",   c("POSIXct",   "NULL"))
> stopifnot(is(Sys.time(), "OptionalPOSIXct"))
> ## failed in R 2.7.0
> 
> ## getGeneric() / getGenerics() "problems" related to 'tools' usage:
> e4 <- as.environment("package:stats4")
> gg4 <- getGenerics(e4)
> stopifnot(c("BIC", "coef", "confint", "logLik", "plot", "profile",
+             "show", "summary", "update", "vcov") %in% gg4, # %in% : "future proof"
+           unlist(lapply(gg4, function(g) !is.null(getGeneric(g, where = e4)))),
+           unlist(lapply(gg4, function(g) !is.null(getGeneric(g)))))
> em <- as.environment("package:methods")
> ggm <- getGenerics(em)
> gms <- c("addNextMethod", "body<-", "cbind2", "initialize",
+ 	 "loadMethod", "Ops", "rbind2", "show")
> stopifnot(unlist(lapply(ggm, function(g) !is.null(getGeneric(g, where = em)))),
+ 	  unlist(lapply(ggm, function(g) !is.null(getGeneric(g)))),
+ 	  gms %in% ggm,
+ 	  gms %in% tools:::get_S4_generics_with_methods(em), # with "message"
+ 	  ## all above worked in 2.7.0, however:
+ 	  isGeneric("show",  where=e4),
+ 	  hasMethods("show", where=e4), hasMethods("show", where=em),
+ 	  identical(as.character(gg4), #gg4 has packages attr.; tools::: doesn't
+ 		    tools:::get_S4_generics_with_methods(e4))
+ 	  )
> ## the last failed in R 2.7.0 : was not showing  "show"
> 
> if(require("Matrix", lib.loc = .Library, quietly = TRUE)) {
+     D5. <- Diagonal(x = 5:1)
+     D5N <- D5.; D5N[5,5] <- NA
+     stopifnot(isGeneric("dim", where=as.environment("package:Matrix")),
+ 	      identical(D5., pmin(D5.)),
+ 	      identical(D5., pmax(D5.)),
+ 	      identical(D5., pmax(D5., -1)),
+ 	      identical(D5., pmin(D5., 7)),
+ 	      inherits((D5.3 <- pmin(D5.+2, 3)), "Matrix"),
+ 	      identical(as.matrix(pmin(D5.+2 , 3)),
+ 			pmin(as.matrix(D5.+2), 3)),
+ 	      identical(pmin(1, D5.), pmin(1, as.matrix(D5.))),
+ 	      identical(D5N, pmax(D5N, -1)),
+ 	      identical(D5N, pmin(D5N, 5)),
+ 	      identical(as.matrix(pmin(D5N +1, 3)),
+ 			pmin(as.matrix(D5N)+1, 3)),
+ 	      ##
+ 	      TRUE)
+ } else
+     message("skipping tests requiring the Matrix package")
<sparse>[ <logic> ] : .M.sub.i.logical() maybe inefficient
> 
> 
> ## containing "array" ("matrix", "ts", ..)
> t. <- ts(1:10, frequency = 4, start = c(1959, 2))
> setClass("Arr", contains= "array"); x <- new("Arr", cbind(17))
> setClass("Ts",  contains= "ts");   tt <- new("Ts", t.); t2 <- as(t., "Ts")
> setClass("ts2", representation(x = "Ts", y = "ts"))
> tt2 <- new("ts2", x=t2, y=t.)
> stopifnot(dim(x) == c(1,1), is(tt, "ts"), is(t2, "ts"),
+           ## FIXME:  identical(tt, t2)
+           length(tt) == length(t.),
+           identical(tt2@x, t2), identical(tt2@y, t.))
> ## new(..) failed in R 2.7.0
> 
> ## Method with wrong argument order :
> setGeneric("test1", function(x, printit = TRUE, name = "tmp")
+            standardGeneric("test1"))
[1] "test1"
> tools::assertCondition(
+ setMethod("test1", "numeric", function(x, name, printit) match.call()),
+ "warning", "error")## did not warn or error in R 2.7.0 and earlier
> 
> library(stats4)
> c1 <- getClass("mle", where = "stats4")
> c2 <- getClass("mle", where = "package:stats4")
> s1 <- getMethod("summary", "mle", where = "stats4")
> s2 <- getMethod("summary", "mle", where = "package:stats4")
> stopifnot(is(c1, "classRepresentation"),
+ 	  is(s1, "MethodDefinition"),
+ 	  identical(c1,c2), identical(s1,s2))
> ## failed at times in the past
> 
> ## Extending "matrix", the .Data slot etc:
> setClass("moo", representation("matrix"))
> m <- matrix(1:4, 2, dimnames= list(NULL, c("A","B")))
> nf <- new("moo", .Data = m)
> n2 <- new("moo", 3:1, 3,2)
> n3 <- new("moo", 1:6, ncol=2)
> stopifnot(identical(m,			as(nf, "matrix")),
+ 	  identical(matrix(3:1,3,2),	as(n2, "matrix")),
+ 	  identical(matrix(1:6,ncol=2), as(n3, "matrix")))
> ## partly failed at times in pre-2.8.0
> 
> ## From "Michael Lawrence" <....@fhcrc.org>  To r-devel@r-project, 25 Nov 2008:
> ## NB: setting a generic on order() is *not* the approved method
> ## -- set xtfrm() methods instead
> setGeneric("order", signature="...",
+ 	   function (..., na.last=TRUE, decreasing=FALSE)
+ 	   standardGeneric("order"))
Creating a new generic function for 'order' in the global environment
[1] "order"
> stopifnot(identical(rbind(1), matrix(1,1,1)))
> setGeneric("rbind", function(..., deparse.level=1)
+ 	   standardGeneric("rbind"), signature = "...")
Creating a new generic function for 'rbind' in the global environment
[1] "rbind"
> stopifnot(identical(rbind(1), matrix(1,1,1)))
> ## gave Error in .Method( .... in R 2.8.0
> 
> ## median( <simple S4> )
> ## FIXME: if we use "C" instead of "L", this fails because of caching
> setClass("L", contains = "list")
> ## {simplistic, just for the sake of testing here} :
> setMethod("Compare", signature(e1="L", e2="ANY"),
+           function(e1,e2) sapply(e1, .Generic, e2=e2))
> ## note the next does *not* return an object of the class.
> setMethod("Summary", "L",
+ 	  function(x, ..., na.rm=FALSE) {x <- unlist(x); callNextMethod()})
> setMethod("[", signature(x="L", i="ANY", j="missing",drop="missing"),
+           function(x,i,j,drop) new(class(x), x@.Data[i]))
> ## defining S4 methods for sort() has no effect on calls to
> ## sort() from functions in a namespace; e.g., median.default.
> ## but setting an xtfrm() method works.
> setMethod("xtfrm", "L", function(x) xtfrm(unlist(x@.Data)))
> ## median is documented to use mean(), so we need an S3 mean method:
> ## An S4 method will not do because of the long-standing S4 scoping bug.
> mean.L <- function(x, ...) new("L", mean(unlist(x@.Data), ...))
> x <- new("L", 1:3); x2 <- x[-2]
> stopifnot(unlist(x2) == (1:3)[-2],
+ 	  is(mx <- median(x), "L"), mx == 2,
+ 	  ## median of two
+ 	  median(x2) == x[2])
> ## NB: quantile() is not said to work on such an object, and only does so
> ## for order statistics (so should not be tested, but was in earlier versions).
> 
> ## Buglet in as() generation for class without own slots
> setClass("SIG", contains="signature")
> stopifnot(packageSlot(class(S <- new("SIG"))) == ".GlobalEnv",
+ 	  packageSlot(class(ss <- new("signature"))) == "methods",
+ 	  packageSlot(class(as(S, "signature"))) == "methods")
> ## the 3rd did not have "methods"
> 
> ## Invalid "factor"s -- now "caught" by  validity check :
>  ok.f <- gl(3,5, labels = letters[1:3])
> bad.f <- structure(rep(1:3, each=5), levels=c("a","a","b"), class="factor")
> validObject(ok.f) ; assertError(validObject(bad.f))
[1] TRUE
> setClass("myF", contains = "factor")
> validObject(new("myF", ok.f))
[1] TRUE
> assertError(validObject(new("myF", bad.f)))
> removeClass("myF")
[1] TRUE
> ## no validity check in R <= 2.9.0
> 
> ## as(x, .)   when x is from an "unregistered" S3 class :
> as(structure(1:3, class = "foobar"), "vector")
[1] 1 2 3
> ## failed to work in R <= 2.9.0
> 
> ## S4 dispatch in the internal generic xtfrm (added in 2.11.0)
> setClass("numWithId", representation(id = "character"), contains = "numeric")
> x <- new("numWithId", 1:3, id = "An Example")
> xtfrm(x) # works as the base representation is numeric
[1] 1 2 3
attr(,"id")
[1] "An Example"
> setMethod('xtfrm', 'numWithId', function(x) x@.Data)
> xtfrm(x)
[1] 1 2 3
> stopifnot(identical(xtfrm(x), 1:3))# "integer" is "numeric"
> ## new in 2.11.0
> 
> ## [-dispatch using callNextMethod()
> setClass("C1", representation(a = "numeric"))
> setClass("C2", contains = "C1")
> setMethod("[", "C1", function(x,i,j,...,drop=TRUE)
+ 	  cat("drop in C1-[ :", drop, "\n"))
> setMethod("[", "C2", function(x,i,j,...,drop=TRUE) {
+     cat("drop in C2-[ :", drop, "\n")
+     callNextMethod()
+ })
> x <- new("C1"); y <- new("C2")
> x[1, drop=FALSE]
drop in C1-[ : FALSE 
NULL
> y[1, drop=FALSE]
drop in C2-[ : FALSE 
drop in C1-[ : FALSE 
NULL
> ## the last gave TRUE on C1-level in R 2.10.x;
> ## the value of drop was wrongly taken from the default.
> 
> ## All slot names -- but "class" -- should work now
> problNames <- c("names", "dimnames", "row.names",
+                 "class", "comment", "dim", "tsp")
> myTry <- function(expr, ...) tryCatch(expr, error = function(e) e)
> tstSlotname <- function(nm) {
+     r <- myTry(setClass("foo", representation =
+                         structure(list("character"), names = nm)))
+     if(is(r, "error")) return(r$message)
+     ## else
+     ch <- LETTERS[1:5]
+     ## instead of  new("foo", <...> = ch):
+     x <- myTry(do.call(new, structure(list("foo", ch), names=c("", nm))))
+     if(is(x, "error")) return(x$message)
+     y <- myTry(new("foo"));		 if(is(y, "error")) return(y$message)
+     r <- myTry(capture.output(show(x))); if(is(r, "error")) return(r$message)
+     r <- myTry(capture.output(show(y))); if(is(r, "error")) return(r$message)
+     ## else
+     slot(y, nm) <- slot(x, nm)
+     stopifnot(validObject(x), identical(x,y), identical(slot(x, nm), ch))
+     return(TRUE)
+ }
> R <- sapply(problNames, tstSlotname, simplify = FALSE)
> str(R) # just so ...
List of 7
 $ names    : logi TRUE
 $ dimnames : logi TRUE
 $ row.names: logi TRUE
 $ class    : chr "\"class\" is a reserved slot name and cannot be redefined"
 $ comment  : logi TRUE
 $ dim      : logi TRUE
 $ tsp      : logi TRUE
> stopifnot(is.character(R[["class"]]),
+           sapply(R[names(R) != "class"], isTRUE))
> ## only "class" (and ".Data", ...) is reserved as slot name
> 
> ## implicit generics ..
> setMethod("sample", "C2",
+           function(x, size, replace=FALSE, prob=NULL) {"sample.C2"})
Creating a generic function for 'sample' from package 'base' in the global environment
> stopifnot(is(sample,"standardGeneric"),
+ 	  ## the signature must come from the implicit generic:
+ 	  identical(sample@signature, c("x", "size")),
+ 	  identical(packageSlot(sample), "base"),
+ 	  ## default method must still work:
+ 	  identical({set.seed(3); sample(3)}, 1:3))
> ## failed in R 2.11.0
> 
> ## Still, signature is taken from "def"inition, if one is provided:
> ## (For test, qqplot must be a "simple" function:)
> stopifnot(is.function(qqplot) && identical(class(qqplot), "function"))
> setGeneric("qqplot", function(x, y, ...) standardGeneric("qqplot"))
Creating a new generic function for 'qqplot' in the global environment
[1] "qqplot"
> stopifnot(is(qqplot, "standardGeneric"),
+ 	  identical(qqplot@signature, c("x","y")))
> ## failed for a day ~ 2005-05-26, for R-devel only
> 
> 
> ##  'L$A@x <- ..'
> setClass("foo", representation(x = "numeric"))
> f <- new("foo", x = pi*1:2)
> L <- list()
> L$A <- f
> L$A@x[] <- 7
> if( identical(f, L$A) )
+     stop("Oops! f is identical to L$A, even though not touched!")
> ## did not duplicate in 2.0.0 <= Rversion <= 2.11.1
> 
> 
> ## prototypes for virtual classes:  NULL if legal, otherwise 1st member
> ## "IntOrChar" had invalid NULL prototype < 2.15.0
> setClassUnion("IntOrChar", c("integer", "character"))
> stopifnot(exprs = {
+     ## OptionalPosixct above includes NULL
+     is.null   (getClass("OptionalPOSIXct")@prototype)
+     is.integer(getClass("IntOrChar")      @prototype) ## produced an error < 2.15.0
+     "IntOrChar" %in% extends(getClass("character"))
+     "IntOrChar" %in% extends(getClass("integer"))
+     identical(isGeneric("&&"), FALSE)
+ })
> 
> 
> ## mapply() on S4 objects with a "non-primitive" length() method
> setClass("A", representation(aa="integer"))
> aa <- 11:16
> a <- new("A", aa=aa)
> setMethod(length, "A", function(x) length(x@aa))
> setMethod(`[[`,   "A", function(x, i, j, ...) x@aa[[i]])
> setMethod(`[`,    "A", function(x, i, j, ...) new("A", aa = x@aa[i]))
> setMethod("is.na","A", function(x) is.na(x@aa))
> stopifnot(length(a) == 6, identical(a[[5]], aa[[5]]),
+           identical(a, rev(rev(a))), # using '['
+ 	  identical(mapply(`*`, aa, rep(1:3, 2)),
+ 		    mapply(`*`, a,  rep(1:3, 2))))
> ## Up to R 2.15.2, internally 'a' is treated as if it was of length 1
> ## because internal dispatch did not work for length().
> 
> setMethod("is.unsorted", "A", function(x, na.rm, strictly)
+     is.unsorted(x@aa, na.rm=na.rm, strictly=strictly))
Creating a generic function for 'is.unsorted' from package 'base' in the global environment
> 
> stopifnot(!is.unsorted(a), # 11:16 *is* sorted
+ 	  is.unsorted(rev(a)))
> 
> # getSrcref failed when rematchDefinition was used
> text <- '
+ setClass("MyClass", representation(val = "numeric"))
+ setMethod("plot", signature(x = "MyClass"),
+     function(x, y, ...) {
+         # comment
+ 	NULL
+     })
+ setMethod("initialize", signature = "MyClass",
+     function(.Object, value) {
+ 	# comment
+ 	.Object@val <- value
+ 	return(.Object)
+     })
+ '
> source(textConnection(text), keep.source = TRUE)
> getSrcref(getMethod("plot", "MyClass"))
function(x, y, ...) {
        # comment
	NULL
    }
> getSrcref(getMethod("initialize", "MyClass"))
function(.Object, value) {
	# comment
	.Object@val <- value
	return(.Object)
    }
> 
> 
> ## PR#15691
> setGeneric("fun", function(x, ...) standardGeneric("fun"))
[1] "fun"
> setMethod("fun", "character", identity)
> setMethod("fun", "numeric", function(x) {
+   x <- as.character(x)
+   callGeneric()
+ })
> 
> stopifnot(identical(fun(1), do.call(fun, list(1))))
> ## failed in R < 3.1.0
> 
> 
> ## PR#15680
> setGeneric("f", function(x, y) standardGeneric("f"))
[1] "f"
> setMethod("f", c("numeric", "missing"), function(x, y) x)
> try(?f(1))
Error in .helpForCall(topicExpr, parent.frame()) : 
  no documentation for function 'f' and signature 'x = "numeric", y = "missing"'
> 
> ## "..." is not handled
> setGeneric("f", function(...) standardGeneric("f"))
[1] "f"
> setMethod("f", "numeric", function(...) c(...))
> try(?f(1,2))
Error in .helpForCall(topicExpr, parent.frame()) : 
  no documentation for function 'f' and signature '... = "numeric"'
> 
> ## defaults in the generic formal arguments are not considered
> setGeneric("f", function(x, y=0) standardGeneric("f"))
[1] "f"
> setMethod("f", c("numeric", "numeric"), function(x, y) x+y)
> try(?f(1))
Error in .helpForCall(topicExpr, parent.frame()) : 
  no documentation for function 'f' and signature 'x = "numeric", y = "numeric"'
> 
> ## Objects with S3 classes fail earlier
> setGeneric("f", function(x) standardGeneric("f"))
[1] "f"
> setMethod("f", "numeric", function(x) x)
> setOldClass(c("foo", "numeric"))
> n <- structure(1, class=c("foo", "numeric"))
> try(?f(n))
Error in .helpForCall(topicExpr, parent.frame()) : 
  no documentation for function 'f' and signature 'x = "numeric"'
> ## different failures in R < 3.1.0.
> 
> 
> ## identical() did not look at S4 bit:
> a <- 1:5
> b <- setClass("B", "integer")(a)
> stopifnot(is.character(all.equal(a, b)))
> attributes(a) <- attributes(b)
> if(!isS4(a)) { # still (unfortunately)
+     message("'a' is not S4 yet")
+     if(identical(a,b)) stop("identical() not looking at S4 bit")
+     ## set S4 bit manually:
+     a <- asS4(a)
+ }
'a' is not S4 yet
> stopifnot(identical(a, b), isS4(a))
> ## failed in R <= 3.1.1
> 
> 
> ### cbind(), rbind() now work both via rbind2(), cbind2() and rbind.
> ##__ 1) __
> setClass("A", representation(a = "matrix"))
> setMethod("initialize", signature(.Object = "A"),
+     function(.Object, y) {
+       .Object@a <- y
+       .Object
+     })
> setMethod("rbind2", signature(x = "A", y = "matrix"),
+     function(x, y, ...) {
+       cat("rbind2(<A>, <matrix>) : ")
+       x@a <- rbind(x@a, y)
+       cat(" x@a done\n")
+       x
+     })
> setMethod("dim", "A", function(x) dim(x@a))
> mat1 <- matrix(1:9, nrow = 3)
> obj1 <- new("A", 10*mat1)
> om1 <- rbind(obj1, mat1)## now does work {it does need a working "dim" method!}
rbind2(<A>, <matrix>) :  x@a done
> stopifnot(identical(om1, rbind2(obj1, mat1)))
rbind2(<A>, <matrix>) :  x@a done
> rm(obj1,om1); removeClass("A")
[1] TRUE
> ##
> ##
> ###__ 2) --- Matrix --- via cbind2(), rbind2()
> ## this has its output checked strictly, so test depending on Matrix
> ## has been moved to reg-tests-3.R
> ##
> ###__ 3) --- package 'its' like
> setClass("its",representation("matrix", dates="POSIXt"))
> m <- outer(1:3, setNames(1:5,LETTERS[1:5]))
> im <- new("its", m, dates=as.POSIXct(Sys.Date()))
> stopifnot(identical(m, im@.Data))
> ii  <- rbind(im, im-1)
> i.i <- cbind(im, im-7)
> stopifnot(identical(m, rbind(im)),
+           identical(m, cbind(im)),
+           identical(ii , rbind(m, m-1)),
+           identical(i.i, cbind(m, m-7)))
> rm(im, ii, i.i)
> removeClass("its")
[1] TRUE
> ##
> ##
> ###__ 4) --- pkg 'mondate' like --
> setClass("mondate",
+          slots = c(timeunits = "character"), contains = "numeric")
> three <- 3
> m1 <- new("mondate", 1:4, timeunits = "hrs")
> m2 <- new("mondate", 7:8, timeunits = "min")
> stopifnot(identical(colnames(cbind(m1+1, deparse.level=2)), "m1 + 1"),
+           is.null  (colnames(cbind(m1+1, deparse.level=0))),
+           is.null  (colnames(cbind(m1+1, deparse.level=1))),
+           identical(colnames(cbind(m1)), "m1"),
+           colnames(cbind(m1  , M2 = 2, deparse.level=0)) == c(""  , "M2"),
+           colnames(cbind(m1  , M2 = 2))                  == c("m1", "M2"),
+           colnames(cbind(m1  , M2 = 2, deparse.level=2)) == c("m1", "M2"),
+           colnames(cbind(m1+1, M2 = 2, deparse.level=2)) == c("m1 + 1", "M2"),
+           colnames(cbind(m1+1, M2 = 2, deparse.level=1)) == c("",       "M2"))
> cbind(m1, three, m2)
     m1 three m2
[1,]  1     3  7
[2,]  2     3  8
[3,]  3     3  7
[4,]  4     3  8
> cbind(m1, three, m2,   deparse.level = 0) # none
     [,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,]    1    3    7
[2,]    2    3    8
[3,]    3    3    7
[4,]    4    3    8
> cbind(m1, three, m2+3, deparse.level = 1) # "m1" "three"
     m1 three   
[1,]  1     3 10
[2,]  2     3 11
[3,]  3     3 10
[4,]  4     3 11
> cbind(m1, three, m2+3, deparse.level = 2) -> m3
> m3 #    ....  and "m2 + 3"
     m1 three m2 + 3
[1,]  1     3     10
[2,]  2     3     11
[3,]  3     3     10
[4,]  4     3     11
> stopifnot(identical(t(m3), rbind(m1, three, m2+3, deparse.level = 2)),
+           identical(cbind(m1, m2) -> m12,
+                     cbind(m1=m1@.Data, m2=m2@.Data)),
+           identical(rbind(m1, m2), t(m12)),
+           identical(cbind(m1, m2, T=T, deparse.level=0),
+                     cbind(m1@.Data, m2@.Data, T=T) -> mm),
+           identical(colnames(mm), c("", "", "T")),
+           identical(cbind(m1, m2, deparse.level=0),
+                     cbind(m1@.Data, m2@.Data)))
> ##
> ## Cleanup all class definitions etc -- seems necessary for the following "re"-definitions:
> invisible(lapply(getClasses(globalenv()), removeClass))
> nn <- names(globalenv())
> rm(list = c("nn", nn))
> 
> ## Using "data.frame" in a slot -- all have worked for long:
> setClass("A", representation(slot1="numeric", slot2="logical"))
> setClass("D1", contains="A", representation(design="data.frame"))
> setClass("D2", contains="D1")
> validObject(a <- new("A", slot1=77, slot2=TRUE))
[1] TRUE
> validObject(D. <- new("D2", a, design = data.frame(x = 1)))
[1] TRUE
> ## using "formula" in a slot -- from Hervé Pages :
> setClass("B", contains="A", representation(design="formula"))
> setClass("C", contains="B")
> ##
> a <- new("A", slot1=77, slot2=TRUE)
> validObject(C1 <- new("C", a, design = x ~ y))# failed for R <= 3.2.0
[1] TRUE
> C2 <- new("C", slot1=a@slot1, slot2=a@slot2, design=x ~ y)
> stopifnot(identical(C1, C2),
+ 	  identical(formula(), formula(NULL)),
+ 	  length(N <- new("formula")) == 0, inherits(N, "formula"),
+ 	  length(N <- new("table")  ) == 0, is.table(N),
+ 	  validObject(N <- new("summary.table")),
+ 	  length(N <- new("ordered")) == 0, is.ordered(N))
> ## formula() and new("formula"), new("..") also failed  in R <= 3.2.0
> 
> require("stats4")# -> "mle" class
> validObject(sig <- new("signature", obj = "mle"))
[1] TRUE
> stopifnot(c("package", "names") %in% slotNames(sig))
> str(sig) # failed, too
Formal class 'signature' [package "methods"] with 3 slots
  ..@ .Data  : chr "mle"
  ..@ names  : chr "obj"
  ..@ package: chr ""
> 
> cl4 <- getClasses("package:stats4")
> stopifnot(identical(getClasses(which(search() == "package:stats4")), cl4),
+ 	  c("mle", "profile.mle", "summary.mle") %in% cl4)
> ## failed after an optimization patch
> 
> detach("package:methods", force=TRUE)
> C1@slot1 <- pi
> stopifnot(identical(C1@slot1, pi))
> stopifnot(require("methods"))
Loading required package: methods
> ## Slot assignment failed in R <= 3.2.2, C code calling checkAtAssignment()
> 
> ## Error in argument evaluation of S4 generic - PR#16111
> f <- function() {
+     signal <- FALSE
+     withCallingHandlers({ g(sqrt(-1)) }, warning = function(w) {
+         signal <<- TRUE
+         invokeRestart("muffleWarning")
+     })
+     signal
+ }
> g <- function(x) x
> op <- options(warn = 2)# warnings give errors
> stopifnot(isTRUE( f() ))
> setGeneric("g")
[1] "g"
> stopifnot(isTRUE( f() ))
> options(op)
> ## the second  f()  gave a warning and FALSE in  R versions  2.12.0 <= . <= 3.2.3
> 
> 
> stopifnot(
+     identical(formals(getGeneric("as.vector")), formals(base::as.vector)),
+     identical(formals(getGeneric("unlist")),    formals(base::unlist)))
> ## failed for a while in R-devel (3.3.0)
> 
> setClass("myInteger", contains=c("integer", "VIRTUAL"))
> setClass("mySubInteger", contains="myInteger")
> new("mySubInteger", 1L)
An object of class "mySubInteger"
[1] 1
> ## caused infinite recursion in R 3.3.0
> new("mySubInteger")
An object of class "mySubInteger"
integer(0)
> ## failed due to lack of prototype in R 3.6.0
> 
> detach("package:methods", force=TRUE)
> methods::setClass("test1", methods::representation(date="POSIXct"))
> methods::setClass("test2", contains="test1")
> test <- function(x) UseMethod('test', x)
> test.test1 <- function(x) 'Hi'
> test(methods::new("test2", date=as.POSIXct("2003-10-09")))
[1] "Hi"
> stopifnot(require("methods"))
Loading required package: methods
> ## S3 dispatch to superclass methods failed on S4 objects when
> ## methods package was not attached
> 
> 
> ## Tests for class fetching and conflict resolution
> setClass("htest1", slots=c(a="numeric",b="data.frame"), package="package1")
> setClass("htest2", slots=c(a="logical"), package="package2")
> class.list = list(
+     package1=getClassDef("htest1", where=class_env1),
+     package2=getClassDef("htest2", where=class_env2)
+ )
> 
> firstclass  <- methods:::.resolveClassList(class.list,.GlobalEnv,
+                                            package="package1")
> secondclass <- methods:::.resolveClassList(class.list,.GlobalEnv,
+                                            package="package2")
> alsofirstclass <- methods:::.resolveClassList(class.list,.GlobalEnv,
+                                               package="package3")
Found more than one class "htest1" in cache; using the first, from namespace 'package1'
Also defined by 'package2'
> stopifnot(!identical(firstclass, secondclass))
> stopifnot(identical(firstclass, class.list[[1]]))
> stopifnot(identical(secondclass, class.list[[2]]))
> stopifnot(identical(alsofirstclass, class.list[[1]]))
> 
> ## implicit coercion of S4 object to vector via as.vector() in sub-assignment
> setClass("A", representation(stuff="numeric"))
> as.vector.A <- function (x, mode="any") x@stuff
> v <- c(3.5, 0.1)
> a <- new("A", stuff=v)
> x <- y <- numeric(10)
> x[3:4] <- a
> y[3:4] <- v
> stopifnot(identical(x, y))
> 
> ## callNextMethod() was broken when augmenting args of primitive generics
> foo <- setClass("foo")
> bar <- setClass("bar", contains = "foo")
> 
> setMethod("[", "foo",  function(x, i, j, ..., flag = FALSE, drop = FALSE) {
+     flag
+ })
> 
> setMethod("[", "bar", function(x, i, j, ..., flag = FALSE, drop = FALSE) {
+     callNextMethod()
+ })
> 
> BAR <- new("bar")
> stopifnot(identical(BAR[1L], FALSE))
> stopifnot(identical(BAR[1L, , flag=TRUE], TRUE))
> 
> ## avoid infinite recursion on Ops,structure methods
> setClass("MyInteger",
+          representation("integer")
+          )
> i <- new("MyInteger", 1L)
> m <- matrix(rnorm(300), 30,10)
> stopifnot(identical(i*m, m))
> 
> ## when rematching, do not drop arg with NULL default
> setGeneric("genericExtraArg",
+            function(x, y, extra) standardGeneric("genericExtraArg"),
+            signature="x")
[1] "genericExtraArg"
> 
> setMethod("genericExtraArg", "ANY", function(x, y=NULL) y)
> 
> stopifnot(identical(genericExtraArg("foo", 1L), 1L))
> 
> ## callNextMethod() was broken for ... dispatch
> f <- function(...) length(list(...))
> setGeneric("f")
[1] "f"
> setMethod("f", "character", function(...){ callNextMethod() })
> stopifnot(identical(f(1, 2, 3), 3L))
> stopifnot(identical(f("a", "b", "c"), 3L))
> 
> ## ... dispatch was evaluating missing arguments in the generic frame
> f <- function(x, ..., a = b) {
+     b <- "a"
+     a
+ }
> setGeneric("f", signature = "...")
[1] "f"
> stopifnot(identical(f(a=1), 1))
> stopifnot(identical(f(), "a"))
> 
> ## ensure forwarding works correctly for dots dispatch
> f2 <- function(...) f(...)
> stopifnot(identical(f2(a=1), 1))
> 
> 
> ## R's internal C  R_check_class_and_super()  was not good enough
> if(require("Matrix", lib.loc = .Library, quietly = TRUE)) { withAutoprint({
+     setClass("Z", representation(zz = "list"))
+     setClass("C", contains = c("Z", "dgCMatrix"))
+     setClass("C2", contains = "C")
+     setClass("C3", contains = "C2")
+     m <- matrix(c(0,0,2:0), 3,5, dimnames = list(NULL,NULL))
+     (mC <- as(m, "dgCMatrix"))
+     (cc <- as(mC, "C"))
+      c2 <- as(mC, "C2")
+      c3 <- as(mC, "C3")
+     stopifnot(
+         identical(capture.output(c2),
+                   sub("C3","C2", capture.output(c3)))
+       , identical(as(cc, "matrix"), m)
+       , identical(as(c2, "matrix"), m)
+       , identical(as(c3, "matrix"), m)
+     )
+     invisible(lapply(c("Z","C","C2","C3"), removeClass))
+  })
+ } else
+     message("skipping tests requiring the Matrix package")
> setClass("Z", representation(zz = "list"))
> setClass("C", contains = c("Z", "dgCMatrix"))
> setClass("C2", contains = "C")
> setClass("C3", contains = "C2")
> m <- matrix(c(0, 0, 2:0), 3, 5, dimnames = list(NULL, NULL))
> (mC <- as(m, "dgCMatrix"))
3 x 5 sparse Matrix of class "dgCMatrix"
              
[1,] . 1 . . 2
[2,] . . 2 . 1
[3,] 2 . 1 . .
> (cc <- as(mC, "C"))
3 x 5 sparse Matrix of class "C"
              
[1,] . 1 . . 2
[2,] . . 2 . 1
[3,] 2 . 1 . .
> c2 <- as(mC, "C2")
> c3 <- as(mC, "C3")
> stopifnot(identical(capture.output(c2), sub("C3", "C2", capture.output(c3))), 
+     identical(as(cc, "matrix"), m), identical(as(c2, "matrix"), m), identical(as(c3, 
+         "matrix"), m))
> invisible(lapply(c("Z", "C", "C2", "C3"), removeClass))
> 
> 
> ## Automatic coerce method creation:
> setClass("A", slots = c(foo = "numeric"))
> setClass("Ap", contains = "A", slots = c(p = "character"))
> cd <- getClassDef("Ap")
> body(cd@contains[["A"]]@coerce)[[2]] ## >>   value <- new("A")
value <- new("A")
> ## was ... <-  new(structure("A", package = ".GlobalEnv"))
> ## for a few days in R-devel (Nov.2017)
> 
> 
> ## Error messages occurring during method selection are forwarded
> f <- function(x) x
> setGeneric("f")
[1] "f"
> setMethod("f", signature("NULL"), function(x) NULL)
> err <- tryCatch(f(stop("this is mentioned")), error = identity)
> stopifnot(identical(err$message, "error in evaluating the argument 'x' in selecting a method for function 'f': this is mentioned"))
> 
> 
> ## canCoerce(obj, .)  when length(class(obj)) > 1 :
> setOldClass("foo")
> setAs("foo", "A", function(from) new("A", foo=from))
> o3 <- structure(1:7, class = c("foo", "bar"))
> stopifnot( canCoerce(o3, "A") )
> ## failed in R <= 3.6.1
> 
> if(require("Matrix", lib.loc = .Library, quietly = TRUE)) { withAutoprint({
+     sci <- names(getClass("integer")@contains)
+     # These 2 classes have *nothing* to do with Matrix:
+     setClass("MyClass")
+     ncl <- "NumOrMyClass"
+     setClassUnion(ncl, c("numeric", "MyClass"))
+     nsci <- names(getClass("integer")@contains)
+     ## failed in R <= 3.6.2
+     stopifnot(sci %in% nsci, identical(setdiff(nsci, sci), ncl))
+ 
+     setClassUnion('dMatrixOrMatrix', members = c('dMatrix', 'matrix'))
+     ## failed in R <= 3.6.2
+     stopifnot("dMatrixOrMatrix" %in% names(getClass("dgCMatrix")@contains))
+ 
+     invisible(lapply(c("NumOrMyClass", "MyClass", "dMatrixOrMatrix"),
+                      removeClass))
+ })
+ } else
+     message("skipping tests requiring the Matrix package")
> sci <- names(getClass("integer")@contains)
> setClass("MyClass")
> ncl <- "NumOrMyClass"
> setClassUnion(ncl, c("numeric", "MyClass"))
> nsci <- names(getClass("integer")@contains)
> stopifnot(sci %in% nsci, identical(setdiff(nsci, sci), ncl))
> setClassUnion("dMatrixOrMatrix", members = c("dMatrix", "matrix"))
> stopifnot("dMatrixOrMatrix" %in% names(getClass("dgCMatrix")@contains))
> invisible(lapply(c("NumOrMyClass", "MyClass", "dMatrixOrMatrix"), removeClass))
> 
> setClass("foo", slots = c(y = "numeric"))
> setClass("bar", contains = "foo")
> body(getClass("bar")@contains[[1]]@coerce)[[2]]
class(from) <- "foo"
>