/*
 * Copyright (c) 1998, 2021 Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * Copyright (c) 1998, 2021 IBM Corporation. All rights reserved.
 *
 * This program and the accompanying materials are made available under the
 * terms of the Eclipse Public License v. 2.0 which is available at
 * http://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-2.0,
 * or the Eclipse Distribution License v. 1.0 which is available at
 * http://www.eclipse.org/org/documents/edl-v10.php.
 *
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: EPL-2.0 OR BSD-3-Clause
 */

// Contributors:
//     Oracle - initial API and implementation from Oracle TopLink
//     09/14/2011-2.3.1 Guy Pelletier
//       - 357533: Allow DDL queries to execute even when Multitenant entities are part of the PU
//     02/02/2015-2.6.0 Rick Curtis
//       - 458204: Fix stored procedure termination character.
//     02/19/2015 - Rick Curtis
//       - 458877 : Add national character support
//     02/23/2015-2.6 Dalia Abo Sheasha
//       - 460607: Change DatabasePlatform StoredProcedureTerminationToken to be configurable
//     03/18/2015-2.6.0 Jody Grassel
//       - 462511 : Update to SybasePlatform to support pessimistic locking
package org.eclipse.persistence.platform.database;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.StringWriter;
import java.io.Writer;
import java.sql.CallableStatement;
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DatabaseMetaData;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.sql.Types;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Calendar;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Hashtable;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Vector;
import java.util.regex.Pattern;

import org.eclipse.persistence.exceptions.ValidationException;
import org.eclipse.persistence.expressions.ExpressionOperator;
import org.eclipse.persistence.internal.databaseaccess.FieldTypeDefinition;
import org.eclipse.persistence.internal.expressions.RelationExpression;
import org.eclipse.persistence.internal.helper.ClassConstants;
import org.eclipse.persistence.internal.helper.DatabaseTable;
import org.eclipse.persistence.internal.helper.Helper;
import org.eclipse.persistence.internal.sessions.AbstractSession;
import org.eclipse.persistence.queries.ValueReadQuery;

/**
 *    <p><b>Purpose</b>: Provides Sybase ASE specific behavior.
 *    <p><b>Responsibilities</b>:<ul>
 *    <li> Native SQL for byte[], Date, Time, {@literal &} Timestamp.
 *    <li> Native sequencing using @@IDENTITY.
 *    </ul>
 *
 * @since TOPLink/Java 1.0
 */
public class SybasePlatform extends org.eclipse.persistence.platform.database.DatabasePlatform {
    // An array could be used here with the type being the index, but upon looking at the source some types are
    // assigned negative values, making them unusable as indexes without guessing at modifying them.
    // this attribute is used for registering output params in stored procedure calls.  JConnect 5.5 requires
    // that the API that accepts a string is called so we have a collection of strings to use.
    protected Map<Integer, String> typeStrings;

    public SybasePlatform(){
        super();
        this.pingSQL = "SELECT 1";
        this.storedProcedureTerminationToken = "\ngo";
    }

    @Override
    public void initializeConnectionData(Connection connection) throws SQLException {
        DatabaseMetaData dmd = connection.getMetaData();
        this.driverSupportsNationalCharacterVarying = Helper.compareVersions(dmd.getDriverVersion(), "7.0.0") >= 0;
    }

    protected Map<Integer, String> getTypeStrings() {
        if (typeStrings == null) {
            initializeTypeStrings();
        }
        return typeStrings;
    }

    protected synchronized void initializeTypeStrings() {
        if (typeStrings == null) {
            Map<Integer, String> types = new HashMap<>(30);
            types.put(Types.ARRAY, "ARRAY");
            types.put(Types.BIGINT, "BIGINT");
            types.put(Types.BINARY, "BINARY");
            types.put(Types.BIT, "BIT");
            types.put(Types.BLOB, "BLOB");
            types.put(Types.CHAR, "CHAR");
            types.put(Types.CLOB, "CLOB");
            types.put(Types.DATE, "DATE");
            types.put(Types.DECIMAL, "DECIMAL");
            types.put(Types.DOUBLE, "DOUBLE");
            types.put(Types.FLOAT, "FLOAT");
            types.put(Types.INTEGER, "INTEGER");
            types.put(Types.JAVA_OBJECT, "JAVA_OBJECT");
            types.put(Types.LONGVARBINARY, "LONGVARBINARY");
            types.put(Types.LONGVARCHAR, "LONGVARCHAR");
            types.put(Types.NULL, "NULL");
            types.put(Types.NUMERIC, "NUMERIC");
            types.put(Types.OTHER, "OTHER");
            types.put(Types.REAL, "REAL");
            types.put(Types.REF, "REF");
            types.put(Types.SMALLINT, "SMALLINT");
            types.put(Types.STRUCT, "STRUCT");
            types.put(Types.TIME, "TIME");
            types.put(Types.TIMESTAMP, "TIMESTAMP");
            types.put(Types.TINYINT, "TINYINT");
            types.put(Types.VARBINARY, "VARBINARY");
            types.put(Types.VARCHAR, "VARCHAR");
            this.typeStrings = types;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Sybase and SQL Anywhere do not support BLOB/CLOB but require LONGVARBINARY/LONGVARCHAR.
     */
    @Override
    public int getJDBCType(Class javaType) {
        if (javaType == ClassConstants.BLOB)  {
            return Types.LONGVARBINARY;
        } else if (javaType == ClassConstants.CLOB) {
            return Types.LONGVARCHAR;
        } else {
            return super.getJDBCType(javaType);
        }
    }

    /**
     * If using native SQL then print a byte[] as '0xFF...'
     */
    @Override
    protected void appendByteArray(byte[] bytes, Writer writer) throws IOException {
        if (usesNativeSQL() && (!usesByteArrayBinding())) {
            writer.write("0x");
            Helper.writeHexString(bytes, writer);
        } else {
            super.appendByteArray(bytes, writer);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Answer a platform correct string representation of a Date, suitable for SQL generation.
     * Native format: 'yyyy-mm-dd
     */
    @Override
    protected void appendDate(java.sql.Date date, Writer writer) throws IOException {
        if (usesNativeSQL()) {
            writer.write("'");
            writer.write(Helper.printDate(date));
            writer.write("'");
        } else {
            super.appendDate(date, writer);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Write a timestamp in Sybase specific format (yyyy-mm-dd-hh.mm.ss.fff).
     */
    protected void appendSybaseTimestamp(java.sql.Timestamp timestamp, Writer writer) throws IOException {
        writer.write("'");
        writer.write(Helper.printTimestampWithoutNanos(timestamp));
        writer.write(':');

        // Must truncate the nanos to three decimal places,
        // it is actually a complex algorithm...
        String nanoString = Integer.toString(timestamp.getNanos());
        int numberOfZeros = 0;
        for (int num = Math.min(9 - nanoString.length(), 3); num > 0; num--) {
            writer.write('0');
            numberOfZeros++;
        }
        if ((nanoString.length() + numberOfZeros) > 3) {
            nanoString = nanoString.substring(0, (3 - numberOfZeros));
        }
        writer.write(nanoString);
        writer.write("'");
    }

    /**
     * Answer a platform correct string representation of a Time, suitable for SQL generation.
     * The time is printed in the ODBC platform independent format {t'hh:mm:ss'}.
     */
    @Override
    protected void appendTime(java.sql.Time time, Writer writer) throws IOException {
        if (usesNativeSQL()) {
            writer.write("'");
            writer.write(Helper.printTime(time));
            writer.write("'");
        } else {
            super.appendTime(time, writer);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Answer a platform correct string representation of a Timestamp, suitable for SQL generation.
     * The date is printed in the ODBC platform independent format {d'YYYY-MM-DD'}.
     */
    @Override
    protected void appendTimestamp(java.sql.Timestamp timestamp, Writer writer) throws IOException {
        if (usesNativeSQL()) {
            appendSybaseTimestamp(timestamp, writer);
        } else {
            super.appendTimestamp(timestamp, writer);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Answer a platform correct string representation of a Calendar, suitable for SQL generation.
     * The date is printed in the ODBC platform independent format {d'YYYY-MM-DD'}.
     */
    @Override
    protected void appendCalendar(Calendar calendar, Writer writer) throws IOException {
        if (usesNativeSQL()) {
            appendSybaseCalendar(calendar, writer);
        } else {
            super.appendCalendar(calendar, writer);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Write a timestamp in Sybase specific format ( yyyy-mm-dd-hh.mm.ss.fff)
     */
    protected void appendSybaseCalendar(Calendar calendar, Writer writer) throws IOException {
        writer.write("'");
        writer.write(Helper.printCalendar(calendar));
        writer.write("'");
    }

    /**
     * INTERNAL:
     * Build operator.
     */
    public ExpressionOperator atan2Operator() {
        return ExpressionOperator.simpleTwoArgumentFunction(ExpressionOperator.Atan2, "ATN2");
    }

    @Override
    protected Hashtable<Class<?>, FieldTypeDefinition> buildFieldTypes() {
        Hashtable<Class<?>, FieldTypeDefinition> fieldTypeMapping = new Hashtable<>();
        fieldTypeMapping.put(Boolean.class, new FieldTypeDefinition("BIT default 0", false, false));

        fieldTypeMapping.put(Integer.class, new FieldTypeDefinition("INTEGER", false));
        fieldTypeMapping.put(Long.class, new FieldTypeDefinition("NUMERIC", 19));
        fieldTypeMapping.put(Float.class, new FieldTypeDefinition("FLOAT(16)", false));
        fieldTypeMapping.put(Double.class, new FieldTypeDefinition("FLOAT(32)", false));
        fieldTypeMapping.put(Short.class, new FieldTypeDefinition("SMALLINT", false));
        fieldTypeMapping.put(Byte.class, new FieldTypeDefinition("SMALLINT", false));
        fieldTypeMapping.put(java.math.BigInteger.class, new FieldTypeDefinition("NUMERIC", 38));
        fieldTypeMapping.put(java.math.BigDecimal.class, new FieldTypeDefinition("NUMERIC", 38).setLimits(38, -19, 19));
        fieldTypeMapping.put(Number.class, new FieldTypeDefinition("NUMERIC", 38).setLimits(38, -19, 19));

        if(getUseNationalCharacterVaryingTypeForString()){
            // http://infocenter.sybase.com/help/index.jsp?topic=/com.sybase.infocenter.dc36271.1570/html/blocks/CIHJCBJF.htm
            fieldTypeMapping.put(String.class, new FieldTypeDefinition("UNIVARCHAR", DEFAULT_VARCHAR_SIZE));
        } else {
            fieldTypeMapping.put(String.class, new FieldTypeDefinition("VARCHAR", DEFAULT_VARCHAR_SIZE));
        }
        fieldTypeMapping.put(Character.class, new FieldTypeDefinition("CHAR", 1));
        fieldTypeMapping.put(Byte[].class, new FieldTypeDefinition("IMAGE", false));
        fieldTypeMapping.put(Character[].class, new FieldTypeDefinition("TEXT", false));
        fieldTypeMapping.put(byte[].class, new FieldTypeDefinition("IMAGE", false));
        fieldTypeMapping.put(char[].class, new FieldTypeDefinition("TEXT", false));
        fieldTypeMapping.put(java.sql.Blob.class, new FieldTypeDefinition("IMAGE", false));
        fieldTypeMapping.put(java.sql.Clob.class, new FieldTypeDefinition("TEXT", false));

        fieldTypeMapping.put(java.sql.Date.class, new FieldTypeDefinition("DATETIME", false));
        fieldTypeMapping.put(java.sql.Time.class, new FieldTypeDefinition("DATETIME", false));
        fieldTypeMapping.put(java.sql.Timestamp.class, new FieldTypeDefinition("DATETIME", false));

        return fieldTypeMapping;
    }

    /**
     * INTERNAL:
     * Build the identity query for native sequencing.
     */
    @Override
    public ValueReadQuery buildSelectQueryForIdentity() {
        ValueReadQuery selectQuery = new ValueReadQuery();
        StringWriter writer = new StringWriter();
        writer.write("SELECT @@IDENTITY");
        selectQuery.setSQLString(writer.toString());
        return selectQuery;
    }

    /**
     * The sybase syntax for obtaining pessimistic lock is "SELECT ADDRESS_ID, ... FROM ADDRESS WITH (HOLDLOCK) WHERE (ADDRESS_ID = ?)"
     * Please note that above only obtains shared lock. Apparently there is no way to obtain exclusive lock on Sybase
     * using only a select statement
     */
    @Override
    public boolean shouldPrintLockingClauseAfterWhereClause() {
        return true;
    }

    @Override
    public String getSelectForUpdateString() {
        return " FOR UPDATE AT ISOLATION SERIALIZABLE";
    }

    /**
     * Used for batch writing and sp defs.
     */
    @Override
    public String getBatchDelimiterString() {
        return "";
    }

    /* This method is used to print the required output parameter token for the
     * specific platform.  Used when stored procedures are created.
     */
    @Override
    public String getCreationInOutputProcedureToken() {
        return getInOutputProcedureToken();
    }

    /*
     * this method was added because SQLServer requires the output paramater token
     * to be set on creation but not on execution.
     */
    @Override
    public String getCreationOutputProcedureToken() {
        return getOutputProcedureToken();
    }

    /* This method is used to print the output parameter token when stored
     * procedures are called
     */
    @Override
    public String getInOutputProcedureToken() {
        return "OUT";
    }

    /**
     * INTERNAL:
     * Returns the type name corresponding to the jdbc type
     */
    @Override
    public String getJdbcTypeName(int jdbcType) {
        return getTypeStrings().get(jdbcType);
    }

    /**
     * INTERNAL:
     * returns the maximum number of characters that can be used in a field
     * name on this platform.
     */
    @Override
    public int getMaxFieldNameSize() {
        return 22;
    }

    /**
     * Return the catalog information through using the native SQL catalog selects.
     * This is required because many JDBC driver do not support meta-data.
     * Willcards can be passed as arguments.
     */
    public Vector getNativeTableInfo(String table, String creator, AbstractSession session) {
        // need to filter only tables / views
        String query = "SELECT * FROM sysobjects WHERE table_type <> 'SYSTEM_TABLE'";
        if (table != null) {
            if (table.indexOf('%') != -1) {
                query = query + " AND table_name LIKE " + table;
            } else {
                query = query + " AND table_name = " + table;
            }
        }
        if (creator != null) {
            if (creator.indexOf('%') != -1) {
                query = query + " AND table_owner LIKE " + creator;
            } else {
                query = query + " AND table_owner = " + creator;
            }
        }
        return session.executeSelectingCall(new org.eclipse.persistence.queries.SQLCall(query));
    }

    /* This method is used to print the output parameter token when stored
     * procedures are called
     */
    @Override
    public String getOutputProcedureToken() {
        return useJDBCStoredProcedureSyntax() ? "" : "OUTPUT";
    }

    /**
     * Used for sp defs.
     */
    @Override
    public String getProcedureArgumentString() {
        return "@";
    }

    /**
     * Used for sp calls.
     */
    @Override
    public String getProcedureCallHeader() {
        return useJDBCStoredProcedureSyntax() ? "{Call " : "EXECUTE ";
    }

    @Override
    public String getProcedureCallTail() {
        return useJDBCStoredProcedureSyntax() ? "}" : "";
    }
    /**
     * Return true if this platform is to use the JDBC supported syntax for executing stored procedures.
     * If the driver is known to be the DataDirec driver, and the value is not set, then set to true and return.
     */
    public boolean useJDBCStoredProcedureSyntax() {
        if (useJDBCStoredProcedureSyntax == null) {
            useJDBCStoredProcedureSyntax = this.driverName != null 
                    && Pattern.compile("Sybase", Pattern.CASE_INSENSITIVE).matcher(this.driverName).find();
        }
        return useJDBCStoredProcedureSyntax;
    }

    @Override
    public String getStoredProcedureParameterPrefix() {
        return "@";
    }

    /**
     * PUBLIC:
     * This method returns the query to select the timestamp
     * from the server for Sybase.
     */
    @Override
    public ValueReadQuery getTimestampQuery() {
        if (timestampQuery == null) {
            timestampQuery = new ValueReadQuery();
            timestampQuery.setSQLString("SELECT GETDATE()");
            timestampQuery.setAllowNativeSQLQuery(true);
        }
        return timestampQuery;
    }

    /**
     * Initialize any platform-specific operators
     */
    @Override
    protected void initializePlatformOperators() {
        super.initializePlatformOperators();
        addOperator(operatorOuterJoin());
        addOperator(ExpressionOperator.simpleFunction(ExpressionOperator.Today, "GETDATE"));
        // GETDATE returns both date and time. It is not the perfect match for
        // ExpressionOperator.currentDate and ExpressionOperator.currentTime
        // However, there is no known function on sql server that returns just
        // the date or just the time.
        addOperator(ExpressionOperator.simpleFunction(ExpressionOperator.CurrentDate, "GETDATE"));
        addOperator(ExpressionOperator.simpleFunction(ExpressionOperator.CurrentTime, "GETDATE"));
        addOperator(ExpressionOperator.simpleFunction(ExpressionOperator.Length, "CHAR_LENGTH"));
        addOperator(ExpressionOperator.sybaseLocateOperator());
        addOperator(ExpressionOperator.sybaseLocate2Operator());
        addOperator(ExpressionOperator.simpleThreeArgumentFunction(ExpressionOperator.Substring, "SUBSTRING"));
        addOperator(singleArgumentSubstringOperator());
        addOperator(ExpressionOperator.addDate());
        addOperator(ExpressionOperator.dateName());
        addOperator(ExpressionOperator.datePart());
        addOperator(ExpressionOperator.dateDifference());
        addOperator(ExpressionOperator.difference());
        addOperator(ExpressionOperator.charIndex());
        addOperator(ExpressionOperator.charLength());
        addOperator(ExpressionOperator.reverse());
        addOperator(ExpressionOperator.replicate());
        addOperator(ExpressionOperator.right());
        addOperator(ExpressionOperator.cot());
        addOperator(ExpressionOperator.sybaseAtan2Operator());
        addOperator(ExpressionOperator.sybaseAddMonthsOperator());
        addOperator(ExpressionOperator.sybaseInStringOperator());
        // bug 3061144
        addOperator(ExpressionOperator.simpleTwoArgumentFunction(ExpressionOperator.Nvl, "ISNULL"));
        // CR### TO_NUMBER, TO_CHAR, TO_DATE is CONVERT(type, ?)
        addOperator(ExpressionOperator.sybaseToNumberOperator());
        addOperator(ExpressionOperator.sybaseToDateToStringOperator());
        addOperator(ExpressionOperator.sybaseToDateOperator());
        addOperator(ExpressionOperator.sybaseToCharOperator());
        addOperator(ExpressionOperator.simpleFunction(ExpressionOperator.Ceil, "CEILING"));
        addOperator(modOperator());
        addOperator(trimOperator());
        addOperator(trim2Operator());
        // Sybase does not define REPLACE only STR_REPLACE
        addOperator(ExpressionOperator.simpleThreeArgumentFunction(ExpressionOperator.Replace, "STR_REPLACE"));
        addOperator(extractOperator());
    }

    /**
     * INTERNAL:
     * Derby does not support EXTRACT, but does have DATEPART.
     */
    public static ExpressionOperator extractOperator() {
        ExpressionOperator exOperator = new ExpressionOperator();
        exOperator.setType(ExpressionOperator.FunctionOperator);
        exOperator.setSelector(ExpressionOperator.Extract);
        exOperator.setName("EXTRACT");
        List<String> v = new ArrayList<>(5);
        v.add("DATEPART(");
        v.add(",");
        v.add(")");
        exOperator.printsAs(v);
        int[] indices = new int[2];
        indices[0] = 1;
        indices[1] = 0;
        exOperator.setArgumentIndices(indices);
        exOperator.bePrefix();
        exOperator.setNodeClass(ClassConstants.FunctionExpression_Class);
        return exOperator;
    }

    /**
     * INTERNAL:
     * Use RTRIM(LTRIM(?)) function for trim.
     */
    public static ExpressionOperator trimOperator() {
        ExpressionOperator exOperator = new ExpressionOperator();
        exOperator.setType(ExpressionOperator.FunctionOperator);
        exOperator.setSelector(ExpressionOperator.Trim);
        List<String> v = new ArrayList<>(2);
        v.add("RTRIM(LTRIM(");
        v.add("))");
        exOperator.printsAs(v);
        exOperator.bePrefix();
        exOperator.setNodeClass(ClassConstants.FunctionExpression_Class);
        return exOperator;
    }

    /**
     * INTERNAL:
     * Build Trim operator.
     */
    public static ExpressionOperator trim2Operator() {
        ExpressionOperator exOperator = new ExpressionOperator();
        exOperator.setType(ExpressionOperator.FunctionOperator);
        exOperator.setSelector(ExpressionOperator.Trim2);
        List<String> v = new ArrayList<>(5);
        v.add("STR_REPLACE(");
        v.add(", ");
        v.add(", NULL)");
        exOperator.printsAs(v);
        exOperator.setNodeClass(ClassConstants.FunctionExpression_Class);
        return exOperator;
    }

    /**
     * INTERNAL:
     * Return true if output parameters can be built with result sets.
     */
    @Override
    public boolean isOutputAllowWithResultSet() {
        return false;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean isSybase() {
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Builds a table of maximum numeric values keyed on java class. This is used for type testing but
     * might also be useful to end users attempting to sanitize values.
     * <p><b>NOTE</b>: BigInteger {@literal &} BigDecimal maximums are dependent upon their precision {@literal &} Scale
     */
    @Override
    public Hashtable<Class<? extends Number>, ? super Number> maximumNumericValues() {
        Hashtable<Class<? extends Number>, Number> values = new Hashtable<>();

        values.put(Integer.class, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
        values.put(Long.class, Long.MAX_VALUE);
        values.put(Double.class, (double) Float.MAX_VALUE);
        values.put(Short.class, Short.MAX_VALUE);
        values.put(Byte.class, Byte.MAX_VALUE);
        values.put(Float.class, Float.MAX_VALUE);
        values.put(java.math.BigInteger.class, new java.math.BigInteger("99999999999999999999999999999999999999"));
        values.put(java.math.BigDecimal.class, new java.math.BigDecimal("9999999999999999999.9999999999999999999"));
        return values;
    }

    /**
     * Builds a table of minimum numeric values keyed on java class. This is used for type testing but
     * might also be useful to end users attempting to sanitize values.
     * <p><b>NOTE</b>: BigInteger {@literal &} BigDecimal minimums are dependent upon their precision {@literal &} Scale
     */
    @Override
    public Hashtable<Class<? extends Number>, ? super Number> minimumNumericValues() {
        Hashtable<Class<? extends Number>, Number> values = new Hashtable<>();

        values.put(Integer.class, Integer.MIN_VALUE);
        values.put(Long.class, Long.MIN_VALUE);
        values.put(Double.class, 1.4012984643247149E-44);// The double values are weird. They lose precision at E-45
        values.put(Short.class, Short.MIN_VALUE);
        values.put(Byte.class, Byte.MIN_VALUE);
        values.put(Float.class, Float.MIN_VALUE);
        values.put(java.math.BigInteger.class, new java.math.BigInteger("-99999999999999999999999999999999999999"));
        values.put(java.math.BigDecimal.class, new java.math.BigDecimal("-9999999999999999999.9999999999999999999"));
        return values;
    }

    /**
     * Override the default MOD operator.
     */
    public ExpressionOperator modOperator() {
        ExpressionOperator result = new ExpressionOperator();
        result.setSelector(ExpressionOperator.Mod);
        List<String> v = new ArrayList<>();
        v.add(" % ");
        result.printsAs(v);
        result.bePostfix();
        result.setNodeClass(org.eclipse.persistence.internal.expressions.FunctionExpression.class);
        return result;
    }

    /*
     *  Create the outer join operator for this platform
     */
    protected ExpressionOperator operatorOuterJoin() {
        ExpressionOperator result = new ExpressionOperator();
        result.setSelector(ExpressionOperator.EqualOuterJoin);
        List<String> v = new ArrayList<>();
        v.add(" =* ");
        result.printsAs(v);
        result.bePostfix();
        result.setNodeClass(RelationExpression.class);
        return result;
    }

    /** Append the receiver's field 'identity' constraint clause to a writer.*/
    @Override
    public void printFieldIdentityClause(Writer writer) throws ValidationException {
        try {
            writer.write(" IDENTITY");
        } catch (IOException ioException) {
            throw ValidationException.fileError(ioException);
        }
    }

    /** Append the receiver's field 'NULL' constraint clause to a writer.*/
    @Override
    public void printFieldNullClause(Writer writer) throws ValidationException {
        try {
            writer.write(" NULL");
        } catch (IOException ioException) {
            throw ValidationException.fileError(ioException);
        }
    }

    /**
     * This method is used to register output parameter on Callable Statements for Stored Procedures
     * as each database seems to have a different method.
     */
    @Override
    public void registerOutputParameter(CallableStatement statement, int index, int jdbcType) throws SQLException {
        statement.registerOutParameter(index, jdbcType, getTypeStrings().get(jdbcType));
    }

    @Override
    public void registerOutputParameter(CallableStatement statement, int index, int jdbcType, String typeName) throws SQLException {
        statement.registerOutParameter(index, jdbcType, getTypeStrings().get(jdbcType));
    }

    /**
     * USed for sp calls.
     */
    @Override
    public boolean requiresProcedureCallBrackets() {
        return useJDBCStoredProcedureSyntax();
    }

    /**
     * Used for sp calls.  Sybase must print output after output params.
     */
    @Override
    public boolean requiresProcedureCallOuputToken() {
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * INTERNAL:
     * Indicates whether the version of CallableStatement.registerOutputParameter method
     * that takes type name should be used.
     */
    @Override
    public boolean requiresTypeNameToRegisterOutputParameter() {
        return true;
    }

    /* This is required in the construction of the stored procedures with
     * output parameters
     */
    @Override
    public boolean shouldPrintInOutputTokenBeforeType() {
        return false;
    }


    /* This is required in the construction of the stored procedures with
     * output parameters
     */
    @Override
    public boolean shouldPrintOutputTokenBeforeType() {
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * JDBC defines and outer join syntax, many drivers do not support this. So we normally avoid it.
     */
    @Override
    public boolean shouldUseJDBCOuterJoinSyntax() {
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Override the default SubstringSingleArg operator.
     */
    public ExpressionOperator singleArgumentSubstringOperator() {
        ExpressionOperator result = new ExpressionOperator();
        result.setSelector(ExpressionOperator.SubstringSingleArg);
        result.setType(ExpressionOperator.FunctionOperator);
        List<String> v = new ArrayList<>();
        v.add("SUBSTRING(");
        v.add(",");
        v.add(", CHAR_LENGTH(");
        v.add("))");
        result.printsAs(v);
        int[] indices = new int[3];
        indices[0] = 0;
        indices[1] = 1;
        indices[2] = 0;

        result.setArgumentIndices(indices);
        result.setNodeClass(ClassConstants.FunctionExpression_Class);
        result.bePrefix();
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * INTERNAL:
     * Indicates whether the platform supports identity.
     * Sybase does through IDENTITY field types.
     * This method is to be used *ONLY* by sequencing classes
     */
    @Override
    public boolean supportsIdentity() {
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Sybase (as of Sybase ASE 15, does not support delete on cascade).
     * Sybase ASA (SQL Anywhere does, so must use different platform).
     */
    @Override
    public boolean supportsDeleteOnCascade() {
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * INTERNAL:
     */
    @Override
    public boolean supportsGlobalTempTables() {
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * INTERNAL:
     */
    @Override
    protected String getCreateTempTableSqlPrefix() {
        return "CREATE TABLE ";
    }

    /**
     * INTERNAL:
     */
    @Override
    public DatabaseTable getTempTableForTable(DatabaseTable table) {
        return new DatabaseTable("#" + table.getName(), table.getTableQualifier(), table.shouldUseDelimiters(), getStartDelimiter(), getEndDelimiter());
    }

    /**
     * INTERNAL:
     */
    @Override
    public void writeUpdateOriginalFromTempTableSql(Writer writer, DatabaseTable table,
                                                    Collection pkFields,
                                                    Collection assignedFields) throws IOException
    {
        writer.write("UPDATE ");
        String tableName = table.getQualifiedNameDelimited(this);
        writer.write(tableName);
        String tempTableName = getTempTableForTable(table).getQualifiedNameDelimited(this);
        writeAutoAssignmentSetClause(writer, null, tempTableName, assignedFields, this);
        writer.write(" FROM ");
        writer.write(tableName);
        writer.write(", ");
        writer.write(tempTableName);
        writeAutoJoinWhereClause(writer, tableName, tempTableName, pkFields, this);
    }
}