type=page
status=published
title=Developing Web Applications
next=ejb.html
prev=jpa.html
~~~~~~

= Developing Web Applications

[[GSDVG00009]][[beafs]]


[[developing-web-applications]]
== 7 Developing Web Applications

This chapter describes how web applications are supported in the Oracle
GlassFish Server.

The following topics are addressed here:

* link:#beagj[Using Servlets]
* link:#beagu[Using JavaServer Pages]
* link:#beaha[Creating and Managing Sessions]
* link:#ggrgt[Using Comet]
* link:#beaft[Advanced Web Application Features]

For general information about web applications, see
"https://eclipse-ee4j.github.io/jakartaee-tutorial/#getting-started-with-web-applications[
The Web Tier]" in The Jakarta EE Tutorial.


[NOTE]
====
The Web Profile of the GlassFish Server supports the EJB 3.1 Lite
specification, which allows enterprise beans within web applications,
among other features. The full GlassFish Server supports the entire EJB
3.1 specification. For details, see
http://jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=318[JSR 318]
(`http://jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=318`).
====


[[beagj]][[GSDVG00140]][[using-servlets]]

=== Using Servlets

GlassFish Server supports the Java Servlet Specification version 4.0.


[NOTE]
====
Servlet API version 4.0 is fully backward compatible with versions 3.0,
2.3, 2.4, and 2.5, so all existing servlets should work without
modification or recompilation.
====


To develop servlets, use the Java Servlet API. For information about
using the Java Servlet API, see the documentation at
`http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javaee/servlet/index.html`.

The GlassFish Server provides the `wscompile` and `wsdeploy` tools to
help you implement a web service endpoint as a servlet. For more
information about these tools, see the link:../reference-manual/toc.html#GSRFM[GlassFish Server Open
Source Edition Reference Manual].

This section describes how to create effective servlets to control
application interactions running on a GlassFish Server, including
standard-based servlets. In addition, this section describes the
GlassFish Server features to use to augment the standards.

The following topics are addressed here:

* link:#beagm[Caching Servlet Results]
* link:#beagr[About the Servlet Engine]

[[beagm]][[GSDVG00397]][[caching-servlet-results]]

==== Caching Servlet Results

The GlassFish Server can cache the results of invoking a servlet, a JSP,
or any URL pattern to make subsequent invocations of the same servlet,
JSP, or URL pattern faster. The GlassFish Server caches the request
results for a specific amount of time. In this way, if another data call
occurs, the GlassFish Server can return the cached data instead of
performing the operation again. For example, if your servlet returns a
stock quote that updates every 5 minutes, you set the cache to expire
after 300 seconds.

Whether to cache results and how to cache them depends on the data
involved. For example, it makes no sense to cache the results of a quiz
submission, because the input to the servlet is different each time.
However, it makes sense to cache a high level report showing demographic
data taken from quiz results that is updated once an hour.

To define how a GlassFish Server web application handles response
caching, you edit specific fields in the `glassfish-web.xml` file.


[NOTE]
====
A servlet that uses caching is not portable.
====


For Javadoc tool pages relevant to caching servlet results, see the
`com.sun.appserv.web.cache` package.

For information about JSP caching, see link:#beagw[JSP Caching].

The following topics are addressed here:

* link:#beagn[Caching Features]
* link:#beago[Default Cache Configuration]
* link:#beagp[Caching Example]
* link:#beagq[The CacheKeyGenerator Interface]

[[beagn]][[GSDVG00251]][[caching-features]]

===== Caching Features

The GlassFish Server has the following web application response caching
capabilities:

* Caching is configurable based on the servlet name or the URI.
* When caching is based on the URI, this includes user specified
parameters in the query string. For example, a response from
`/garden/catalog?category=roses` is different from a response from
`/garden/catalog?category=lilies`. These responses are stored under
different keys in the cache.
* Cache size, entry timeout, and other caching behaviors are
configurable.
* Entry timeout is measured from the time an entry is created or
refreshed. To override this timeout for an individual cache mapping,
specify the `cache-mapping` subelement `timeout`.
* To determine caching criteria programmatically, write a class that
implements the com.sun.appserv.web.cache.CacheHelper interface. For
example, if only a servlet knows when a back end data source was last
modified, you can write a helper class to retrieve the last modified
timestamp from the data source and decide whether to cache the response
based on that timestamp.
* To determine cache key generation programmatically, write a class that
implements the com.sun.appserv.web.cache.CacheKeyGenerator interface.
See link:#beagq[The CacheKeyGenerator Interface].
* All non-ASCII request parameter values specified in cache key elements
must be URL encoded. The caching subsystem attempts to match the raw
parameter values in the request query string.
* Since newly updated classes impact what gets cached, the web container
clears the cache during dynamic deployment or reloading of classes.
* The following `HttpServletRequest` request attributes are exposed.

** `com.sun.appserv.web.cachedServletName`, the cached servlet target

** `com.sun.appserv.web.cachedURLPattern`, the URL pattern being cached
* Results produced by resources that are the target of a
`RequestDispatcher.include()` or `RequestDispatcher.forward()` call are
cached if caching has been enabled for those resources. For details, see
"link:../application-deployment-guide/dd-elements.html#GSDPG00101[cache-mapping]" in GlassFish Server Open Source
Edition Application Deployment Guide and "link:../application-deployment-guide/dd-elements.html#GSDPG00140[dispatcher]"
in GlassFish Server Open Source Edition Application Deployment Guide.
These are elements in the `glassfish-web.xml` file.

[[beago]][[GSDVG00252]][[default-cache-configuration]]

===== Default Cache Configuration

If you enable caching but do not provide any special configuration for a
servlet or JSP, the default cache configuration is as follows:

* The default cache timeout is 30 seconds.
* Only the HTTP GET method is eligible for caching.
* HTTP requests with cookies or sessions automatically disable caching.
* No special consideration is given to `Pragma:`, `Cache-control:`, or
`Vary:` headers.
* The default key consists of the Servlet Path (minus `pathInfo` and the
query string).
* A "least recently used" list is maintained to evict cache entries if
the maximum cache size is exceeded.
* Key generation concatenates the servlet path with key field values, if
any are specified.
* Results produced by resources that are the target of a
`RequestDispatcher.include()` or `RequestDispatcher.forward()` call are
never cached.

[[beagp]][[GSDVG00253]][[caching-example]]

===== Caching Example

Here is an example cache element in the `glassfish-web.xml` file:

[source,xml]
----
<cache max-capacity="8192" timeout="60">
<cache-helper name="myHelper" class-name="MyCacheHelper"/>
<cache-mapping>
    <servlet-name>myservlet</servlet-name>
    <timeout name="timefield">120</timeout>
    <http-method>GET</http-method>
    <http-method>POST</http-method>
</cache-mapping>
<cache-mapping>
    <url-pattern> /catalog/* </url-pattern>
    <!-- cache the best selling category; cache the responses to
       -- this resource only when the given parameters exist. Cache
       -- only when the catalog parameter has 'lilies' or 'roses'
       -- but no other catalog varieties:
      -- /orchard/catalog?best&category='lilies'
      -- /orchard/catalog?best&category='roses'
      -- but not the result of
       -- /orchard/catalog?best&category='wild'
    -->
    <constraint-field name='best' scope='request.parameter'/>
    <constraint-field name='category' scope='request.parameter'>
        <value> roses </value>
        <value> lilies </value>
    </constraint-field>
     <!-- Specify that a particular field is of given range but the
       -- field doesn't need to be present in all the requests -->
    <constraint-field name='SKUnum' scope='request.parameter'>
        <value match-expr='in-range'> 1000 - 2000 </value>
    </constraint-field>
    <!-- cache when the category matches with any value other than
       -- a specific value -->
    <constraint-field name="category" scope="request.parameter>
        <value match-expr="equals" cache-on-match-failure="true">
       bogus
        </value>
    </constraint-field>
</cache-mapping>
<cache-mapping>
    <servlet-name> InfoServlet </servlet-name>
    <cache-helper-ref>myHelper</cache-helper-ref>
</cache-mapping>
</cache>
----

For more information about the `glassfish-web.xml` caching settings, see
"link:../application-deployment-guide/dd-elements.html#GSDPG00097[cache]" in GlassFish Server Open Source Edition
Application Deployment Guide.

[[beagq]][[GSDVG00254]][[the-cachekeygenerator-interface]]

===== The CacheKeyGenerator Interface

The built-in default CacheHelper implementation allows web applications
to customize the key generation. An application component (in a servlet
or JSP) can set up a custom CacheKeyGenerator implementation as an
attribute in the `ServletContext`.

The name of the context attribute is configurable as the `value` of the
`cacheKeyGeneratorAttrName` property in the `default-helper` element of
the `glassfish-web.xml` deployment descriptor. For more information, see
"link:../application-deployment-guide/dd-elements.html#GSDPG00136[default-helper]" in GlassFish Server Open Source
Edition Application Deployment Guide.

[[beagr]][[GSDVG00398]][[about-the-servlet-engine]]

==== About the Servlet Engine

Servlets exist in and are managed by the servlet engine in the GlassFish
Server. The servlet engine is an internal object that handles all
servlet meta functions. These functions include instantiation,
initialization, destruction, access from other components, and
configuration management.

The following topics are addressed here:

* link:#beags[Instantiating and Removing Servlets]
* link:#beagt[Request Handling]

[[beags]][[GSDVG00255]][[instantiating-and-removing-servlets]]

===== Instantiating and Removing Servlets

After the servlet engine instantiates the servlet, the servlet engine
calls the servlet's `init` method to perform any necessary
initialization. You can override this method to perform an
initialization function for the servlet's life, such as initializing a
counter.

When a servlet is removed from service, the servlet engine calls the
`destroy` method in the servlet so that the servlet can perform any
final tasks and deallocate resources. You can override this method to
write log messages or clean up any lingering connections that won't be
caught in garbage collection.

[[beagt]][[GSDVG00256]][[request-handling]]

===== Request Handling

When a request is made, the GlassFish Server hands the incoming data to
the servlet engine. The servlet engine processes the request's input
data, such as form data, cookies, session information, and URL
name-value pairs, into an `HttpServletRequest` request object type.

The servlet engine also creates an `HttpServletResponse` response object
type. The engine then passes both as parameters to the servlet's
`service` method.

In an HTTP servlet, the default `service` method routes requests to
another method based on the HTTP transfer method: `POST`, `GET`,
`DELETE`, `HEAD`, `OPTIONS`, `PUT`, or `TRACE`. For example, HTTP `POST`
requests are sent to the `doPost` method, HTTP `GET` requests are sent
to the `doGet` method, and so on. This enables the servlet to process
request data differently, depending on which transfer method is used.
Since the routing takes place in the service method, you generally do
not override `service` in an HTTP servlet. Instead, override `doGet`,
`doPost`, and so on, depending on the request type you expect.

To perform the tasks to answer a request, override the `service` method
for generic servlets, and the `doGet` or `doPost` methods for HTTP
servlets. Very often, this means accessing EJB components to perform
business transactions, then collating the information in the request
object or in a JDBC `ResultSet` object.

[[beagu]][[GSDVG00141]][[using-javaserver-pages]]

=== Using JavaServer Pages

The GlassFish Server supports the following JSP features:

* JavaServer Pages (JSP) Specification
* Precompilation of JSP files, which is especially useful for production
servers
* JSP tag libraries and standard portable tags

For information about creating JSP files, see the JavaServer Pages web
site at `http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javaee/jsp/index.html`.

For information about Java Beans, see the JavaBeans web page at
`http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/tech/index-jsp-138795.html`.

This section describes how to use JavaServer Pages (JSP files) as page
templates in a GlassFish Server web application.

The following topics are addressed here:

* link:#beagv[JSP Tag Libraries and Standard Portable Tags]
* link:#beagw[JSP Caching]
* link:#beagz[Options for Compiling JSP Files]

[[beagv]][[GSDVG00399]][[jsp-tag-libraries-and-standard-portable-tags]]

==== JSP Tag Libraries and Standard Portable Tags

GlassFish Server supports tag libraries and standard portable tags. For
more information, see the JavaServer Pages Standard Tag Library (JSTL)
page at `http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/index-jsp-135995.html`.

Web applications don't need to bundle copies of the `jsf-impl.jar` or
`appserv-jstl.jar` JSP tag libraries (in as-install`/lib`) to use
JavaServer Faces technology or JSTL, respectively. These tag libraries
are automatically available to all web applications.

However, the as-install`/lib/jspcachtags.jar` tag library for JSP
caching is not automatically available to web applications. See
link:#beagw[JSP Caching], next.

[[beagw]][[GSDVG00400]][[jsp-caching]]

==== JSP Caching

JSP caching lets you cache tag invocation results within the Java
engine. Each can be cached using different cache criteria. For example,
suppose you have invocations to view stock quotes, weather information,
and so on. The stock quote result can be cached for 10 minutes, the
weather report result for 30 minutes, and so on.

The following topics are addressed here:

* link:#gaxbq[Enabling JSP Caching]
* link:#gaxcr[Caching Scope]
* link:#beagx[The `cache` Tag]
* link:#beagy[The `flush` Tag]

For more information about response caching as it pertains to servlets,
see link:#beagm[Caching Servlet Results].

[[gaxbq]][[GSDVG00257]][[enabling-jsp-caching]]

===== Enabling JSP Caching

To globally enable JSP caching, set the `jspCachingEnabled` property to
`true`. The default is `false`. For example:

[source]
----
asadmin set server-config.web-container.property.jspCachingEnabled="true"
----

For more information about the `asadmin set` command, see the
link:../reference-manual/toc.html#GSRFM[GlassFish Server Open Source Edition Reference Manual].

To enable JSP caching for a single web application, follow these steps:

1. Extract the `META-INF/jspcachtags.tld` file from the
as-install`/modules/web-glue.jar` file.
2. Create a new JAR file (for example, `jspcachtags.jar`) containing
just the `META-INF/jspcachtags.tld` file previously extracted.
3. Bundle this new JAR file in the `WEB-INF/lib` directory of your web
application.


[NOTE]
====
Web applications that use JSP caching without bundling the tag library
are not portable.
====


Refer to GlassFish Server tags in JSP files as follows:

[source,xml]
----
<%@ taglib prefix="prefix" uri="http://glassfish.org/taglibs/cache" %>
----

Subsequently, the cache tags are available as `<`prefix`:cache>` and
`<`prefix`:flush>`. For example, if your prefix is `mypfx`, the cache
tags are available as `<mypfx:cache>` and `<mypfx:flush>`.

[[gaxcr]][[GSDVG00258]][[caching-scope]]

===== Caching Scope

JSP caching is available in three different scopes: `request`,
`session`, and `application`. The default is `application`. To use a
cache in `request` scope, a web application must specify the
`com.sun.appserv.web.taglibs.cache.CacheRequestListener` in its
`web.xml` deployment descriptor, as follows:

[source,xml]
----
<listener>
   <listener-class>
      com.sun.appserv.web.taglibs.cache.CacheRequestListener
   </listener-class>
</listener>
----

Likewise, for a web application to utilize a cache in `session` scope,
it must specify the
`com.sun.appserv.web.taglibs.cache.CacheSessionListener` in its
`web.xml` deployment descriptor, as follows:

[source,xml]
----
<listener>
   <listener-class>
      com.sun.appserv.web.taglibs.cache.CacheSessionListener
   </listener-class>
</listener>
----

To utilize a cache in `application` scope, a web application need not
specify any listener. The
`com.sun.appserv.web.taglibs.cache.CacheContextListener` is already
specified in the `jspcachtags.tld` file.

[[beagx]][[GSDVG00259]][[the-cache-tag]]

===== The `cache` Tag

The cache tag caches the body between the beginning and ending tags
according to the attributes specified. The first time the tag is
encountered, the body content is executed and cached. Each subsequent
time it is run, the cached content is checked to see if it needs to be
refreshed and if so, it is executed again, and the cached data is
refreshed. Otherwise, the cached data is served.

[[fvyfx]][[GSDVG00023]][[attributes-of-cache]]

Attributes of `cache`

The following table describes attributes for the `cache` tag.

[[GSDVG541]][[sthref13]][[fvygg]]


Table 7-1 The `cache` Attributes

[width="100%",cols="10%,16%,74%",options="header",]
|===
|Attribute |Default |Description
|`key` |ServletPath`_`Suffix |(optional) The name used by the container
to access the cached entry. The cache key is suffixed to the servlet
path to generate a key to access the cached entry. If no key is
specified, a number is generated according to the position of the tag in
the page.

|`timeout` |`60s` |(optional) The time in seconds after which the body
of the tag is executed and the cache is refreshed. By default, this
value is interpreted in seconds. To specify a different unit of time,
add a suffix to the timeout value as follows: `s` for seconds, `m` for
minutes, `h` for hours, `d` for days. For example, `2h` specifies two
hours.

|`nocache` |`false` |(optional) If set to `true`, the body content is
executed and served as if there were no `cache` tag. This offers a way
to programmatically decide whether the cached response is sent or
whether the body has to be executed, though the response is not cached.

|`refresh` |`false` |(optional) If set to `true`, the body content is
executed and the response is cached again. This lets you
programmatically refresh the cache immediately regardless of the
`timeout` setting.

|`scope` |`application` |(optional) The scope of the cache. Can be
`request`, `session`, or `application`. See link:#gaxcr[Caching Scope].
|===


[[fvyeh]][[GSDVG00024]][[example-of-cache]]

Example of `cache`

The following example represents a cached JSP file:

[source,xml]
----
<%@ taglib prefix="mypfx" uri="http://glassfish.org/taglibs/cache" %>
<%@ taglib prefix="c" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" %>
<mypfx:cache                 key="${sessionScope.loginId}"
            nocache="${param.nocache}"
            refresh="${param.refresh}"
            timeout="10m">
<c:choose>
    <c:when test="${param.page == 'frontPage'}">
        <%-- get headlines from database --%>
    </c:when>
    <c:otherwise>
        ...
    </c:otherwise>
</c:choose>
</mypfx:cache>
<mypfx:cache timeout="1h">
<h2> Local News </h2>
    <%-- get the headline news and cache them --%>
</mypfx:cache>
----

[[beagy]][[GSDVG00260]][[the-flush-tag]]

===== The `flush` Tag

Forces the cache to be flushed. If a `key` is specified, only the entry
with that key is flushed. If no key is specified, the entire cache is
flushed.

[[fvykp]][[GSDVG00025]][[attributes-of-flush]]

Attributes of `flush`

The following table describes attributes for the `flush` tag.

[[GSDVG542]][[sthref14]][[fvyep]]


Table 7-2 The `flush` Attributes

[width="100%",cols="11%,20%,69%",options="header",]
|===
|Attribute |Default |Description
|`key` |ServletPath`_`Suffix |(optional) The name used by the container
to access the cached entry. The cache key is suffixed to the servlet
path to generate a key to access the cached entry. If no key is
specified, a number is generated according to the position of the tag in
the page.

|`scope` |`application` |(optional) The scope of the cache. Can be
`request`, `session`, or `application`. See link:#gaxcr[Caching Scope].
|===


[[fvyle]][[GSDVG00026]][[examples-of-flush]]

Examples of `flush`

To flush the entry with `key="foobar"`:

[source,xml]
----
<mypfx:flush key="foobar"/>
----

To flush the entire cache:

[source,xml]
----
<c:if test="${empty sessionScope.clearCache}">
   <mypfx:flush />
</c:if>
----

[[beagz]][[GSDVG00401]][[options-for-compiling-jsp-files]]

==== Options for Compiling JSP Files

GlassFish Server provides the following ways of compiling JSP source
files into servlets:

* JSP files are automatically compiled at runtime.
* The `asadmin deploy` command has a `--precompilejsp` option. For
details, see the link:../reference-manual/toc.html#GSRFM[GlassFish Server Open Source Edition
Reference Manual].
* The `jspc` command line tool allows you to precompile JSP files at the
command line. For details, see the link:../reference-manual/toc.html#GSRFM[GlassFish Server Open
Source Edition Reference Manual].

[[beaha]][[GSDVG00142]][[creating-and-managing-sessions]]

=== Creating and Managing Sessions

This section describes how to create and manage HTTP sessions that
allows users and transaction information to persist between
interactions.

The following topics are addressed here:

* link:#beahb[Configuring Sessions]
* link:#beahf[Session Managers]

[[beahb]][[GSDVG00402]][[configuring-sessions]]

==== Configuring Sessions

The following topics are addressed here:

* link:#beahc[HTTP Sessions, Cookies, and URL Rewriting]
* link:#beahd[Coordinating Session Access]
* link:#ghmih[Saving Sessions During Redeployment]
* link:#gixeb[Logging Session Attributes]
* link:#beahe[Distributed Sessions and Persistence]

[[beahc]][[GSDVG00261]][[http-sessions-cookies-and-url-rewriting]]

===== HTTP Sessions, Cookies, and URL Rewriting

To configure whether and how HTTP sessions use cookies and URL
rewriting, edit the `session-properties` and `cookie-properties`
elements in the `glassfish-web.xml` file for an individual web
application. For more about the properties you can configure, see
"link:../application-deployment-guide/dd-elements.html#GSDPG00276[session-properties]" in GlassFish Server Open Source
Edition Application Deployment Guide and
"link:../application-deployment-guide/dd-elements.html#GSDPG00130[cookie-properties]" in GlassFish Server Open Source
Edition Application Deployment Guide.

For information about configuring default session properties for the
entire web container, see link:#beagc[Using the `default-web.xml` File]
and the link:../ha-administration-guide/toc.html#GSHAG[GlassFish Server Open Source Edition High
Availability Administration Guide].

[[beahd]][[GSDVG00262]][[coordinating-session-access]]

===== Coordinating Session Access

Make sure that multiple threads don't simultaneously modify the same
session object in conflicting ways. If the persistence type is
`replicated` (see link:#gdshu[The `replicated` Persistence Type]), the
following message in the log file indicates that this might be
happening:

[source]
----
Primary Key Constraint violation while saving session session_id
----

This is especially likely to occur in web applications that use HTML
frames where multiple servlets are executing simultaneously on behalf of
the same client. A good solution is to ensure that one of the servlets
modifies the session and the others have read-only access.

[[ghmih]][[GSDVG00263]][[saving-sessions-during-redeployment]]

===== Saving Sessions During Redeployment

Whenever a redeployment is done, the sessions at that transit time
become invalid unless you use the `--keepstate=true` option of the
`asadmin redeploy` command. For example:

[source]
----
asadmin redeploy --keepstate=true --name hello.war
----

For details, see the link:../reference-manual/toc.html#GSRFM[GlassFish Server Open Source Edition
Reference Manual].

The default for `--keepstate` is false. This option is supported only on
the default server instance, named `server`. It is not supported and
ignored for any other target.

For web applications, this feature is applicable only if in the
`glassfish-web-app.xml` file the `persistence-type` attribute of the
`session-manager` element is `file`.

If any active web session fails to be preserved or restored, none of the
sessions will be available when the redeployment is complete. However,
the redeployment continues and a warning is logged.

The new class loader of the redeployed application is used to
deserialize any sessions previously saved. The usual restrictions about
serialization and deserialization apply. For example, any
application-specific class referenced by a session attribute may evolve
only in a backward-compatible fashion. For more information about class
loaders, see link:class-loaders.html#beade[Class Loaders].

[[gixeb]][[GSDVG00264]][[logging-session-attributes]]

===== Logging Session Attributes

You can write session attribute values to an access log. The access log
format token ``%session.``name``%`` logs one of the following:

* The value of the session attribute with the name name
* ``NULL-SESSION-ATTRIBUTE-``name if the named attribute does not exist in the session
* `NULL-SESSION` if no session exists

For more information about access logging and format tokens, see online
help for the Access Log tab of the HTTP Service page in the
Administration Console.

[[beahe]][[GSDVG00265]][[distributed-sessions-and-persistence]]

===== Distributed Sessions and Persistence

A distributed HTTP session can run in multiple GlassFish Server
instances, provided the following criteria are met:

* Each server instance has the same distributable web application
deployed to it. The `web-app` element of the `web.xml` deployment
descriptor file must have the `distributable` subelement specified.
* The web application uses high-availability session persistence. If a
non-distributable web application is configured to use high-availability
session persistence, a warning is written to the server log, and the
session persistence type reverts to `memory`. See link:#gdshu[The
`replicated` Persistence Type].
* All objects bound into a distributed session must be of the types
listed in link:#fvyem[Table 7-3].
* The web application must be deployed using the `deploy` or `deploydir`
command with the `--availabilityenabled` option set to `true`. See the
link:../reference-manual/toc.html#GSRFM[GlassFish Server Open Source Edition Reference Manual].


[NOTE]
====
Contrary to the Servlet 5.0 specification, GlassFish Server does not
throw an `IllegalArgumentException` if an object type not supported for
failover is bound into a distributed session.

Keep the distributed session size as small as possible. Session size has
a direct impact on overall system throughput.
====


In the event of an instance or hardware failure, another server instance
can take over a distributed session, with the following limitations:

* If a distributable web application references a Jakarta EE component or
resource, the reference might be lost. See link:#fvyem[Table 7-3] for a
list of the types of references that `HTTPSession` failover supports.
* References to open files or network connections are lost.

For information about how to work around these limitations, see the
link:../deployment-planning-guide/toc.html#GSPLG[GlassFish Server Open Source Edition Deployment Planning
Guide].

In the following table, No indicates that failover for the object type
might not work in all cases and that no failover support is provided.
However, failover might work in some cases for that object type. For
example, failover might work because the class implementing that type is
serializable.

For more information about the `InitialContext`, see
link:jndi.html#beans[Accessing the Naming Context]. For more information
about transaction recovery, see link:transaction-service.html#beanm[Using
the Transaction Service]. For more information about Administered
Objects, see "link:../administration-guide/jms.html#GSADG00599[Administering JMS Physical Destinations]"
in GlassFish Server Open Source Edition Administration Guide.

[[GSDVG543]][[sthref15]][[fvyem]]


Table 7-3 Object Types Supported for Jakarta EE Web Application Session
State Failover

[width="100%",cols="45%,55%",options="header",]
|===
|Java Object Type |Failover Support
|Colocated or distributed stateless session, stateful session, or entity
bean reference |Yes

|JNDI context |Yes, `InitialContext` and `java:comp/env`

|UserTransaction |Yes, but if the instance that fails is never
restarted, any prepared global transactions are lost and might not be
correctly rolled back or committed.

|JDBC DataSource |No

|Java Message Service (JMS) ConnectionFactory, Destination |No

|JavaMail Session |No

|Connection Factory |No

|Administered Object |No

|Web service reference |No

|Serializable Java types |Yes

|Extended persistence context |No
|===


[[beahf]][[GSDVG00403]][[session-managers]]

==== Session Managers

A session manager automatically creates new session objects whenever a
new session starts. In some circumstances, clients do not join the
session, for example, if the session manager uses cookies and the client
does not accept cookies.

GlassFish Server offers these session management options, determined by
the `session-manager` element's `persistence-type` attribute in the
`glassfish-web.xml` file:

* link:#beahg[The `memory` Persistence Type], the default
* link:#beahh[The `file` Persistence Type], which uses a file to store
session data
* link:#gdshu[The `replicated` Persistence Type], which uses other
servers in the cluster for session persistence


[NOTE]
====
If the session manager configuration contains an error, the error is
written to the server log and the default (`memory`) configuration is
used.
====


For more information, see "link:../application-deployment-guide/dd-elements.html#GSDPG00275[session-manager]" in
GlassFish Server Open Source Edition Application Deployment Guide.

[[beahg]][[GSDVG00266]][[the-memory-persistence-type]]

===== The `memory` Persistence Type

This persistence type is not designed for a production environment that
requires session persistence. It provides no session persistence.
However, you can configure it so that the session state in memory is
written to the file system prior to server shutdown.

To specify the `memory` persistence type for a specific web application,
edit the `glassfish-web.xml` file as in the following example. The
`persistence-type` attribute is optional, but must be set to `memory` if
included. This overrides the web container availability settings for the
web application.

[source,xml]
----
<glassfish-web-app>
...

<session-config>
    <session-manager persistence-type="memory" />
        <manager-properties>
            <property name="sessionFilename" value="sessionstate" />
        </manager-properties>
    </session-manager>
    ...
</session-config>
...
</glassfish-web-app>
----

The only manager property that the `memory` persistence type supports is
`sessionFilename`, which is listed under
"link:../application-deployment-guide/dd-elements.html#GSDPG00192[manager-properties]" in GlassFish Server Open Source
Edition Application Deployment Guide. The `sessionFilename` property
specifies the name of the file where sessions are serialized and
persisted if the web application or the server is stopped. To disable
this behavior, specify an empty string as the value of
`sessionFilename`. The default value is an empty string.

For more information about the `glassfish-web.xml` file, see the
link:../application-deployment-guide/toc.html#GSDPG[GlassFish Server Open Source Edition Application Deployment
Guide].

[[beahh]][[GSDVG00267]][[the-file-persistence-type]]

===== The `file` Persistence Type

This persistence type provides session persistence to the local file
system, and allows a single server domain to recover the session state
after a failure and restart. The session state is persisted in the
background, and the rate at which this occurs is configurable. The store
also provides passivation and activation of the session state to help
control the amount of memory used. This option is not supported in a
production environment. However, it is useful for a development system
with a single server instance.


[NOTE]
====
Make sure the `delete` option is set in the `server.policy` file, or
expired file-based sessions might not be deleted properly. For more
information about `server.policy`, see link:securing-apps.html#beabx[The
`server.policy` File].
====


To specify the `file` persistence type for a specific web application,
edit the `glassfish-web.xml` file as in the following example. Note that
`persistence-type` must be set to `file`. This overrides the web
container availability settings for the web application.

[source,xml]
----
<glassfish-web-app>
...
<session-config>
    <session-manager persistence-type="file">
        <store-properties>
            <property name="directory" value="sessiondir" />
        </store-properties>
    </session-manager>
    ...
</session-config>
...
</glassfish-web-app>
----

The `file` persistence type supports all the manager properties listed
under "link:../application-deployment-guide/dd-elements.html#GSDPG00192[manager-properties]" in GlassFish Server Open
Source Edition Application Deployment Guide except `sessionFilename`,
and supports the `directory` store property listed under
"link:../application-deployment-guide/dd-elements.html#GSDPG00279[store-properties]" in GlassFish Server Open Source
Edition Application Deployment Guide.

For more information about the `glassfish-web.xml` file, see the
link:../application-deployment-guide/toc.html#GSDPG[GlassFish Server Open Source Edition Application Deployment
Guide].

[[gdshu]][[GSDVG00268]][[the-replicated-persistence-type]]

===== The `replicated` Persistence Type

The replicated persistence type uses other servers in the cluster for
session persistence. Clustered server instances replicate session state.
Each backup instance stores the replicated data in memory. This allows
sessions to be distributed. For details, see link:#beahe[Distributed
Sessions and Persistence]. In addition, you can configure the frequency
and scope of session persistence. The other servers are also used as the
passivation and activation store. Use this option in a production
environment that requires session persistence.

To use the replicated persistence type, you must enable availability.
Select the Availability Service component under the relevant
configuration in the Administration Console. Check the Availability
Service box. To enable availability for the web container, select the
Web Container Availability tab, then check the Availability Service box.
All instances in an GlassFish Server cluster should have the same
availability settings to ensure consistent behavior. For details, see
the link:../ha-administration-guide/toc.html#GSHAG[GlassFish Server Open Source Edition High Availability
Administration Guide].

To change settings such as persistence frequency and persistence scope
for the entire web container, use the Persistence Frequency and
Persistence Scope drop-down lists on the Web Container Availability tab
in the Administration Console, or use the `asadmin set` command. For
example:

[source]
----
asadmin set
server-config.availability-service.web-container-availability.persistence-frequency=time-based
----

For more information, see the description of the `asadmin set` command
in the link:../reference-manual/toc.html#GSRFM[GlassFish Server Open Source Edition Reference
Manual].

To specify the `replicated` persistence type for a specific web
application, edit the `glassfish-web.xml` file as in the following
example. Note that `persistence-type` must be set to `replicated`. This
overrides the web container availability settings for the web
application.

[source,xml]
----
<glassfish-web-app>
...
<session-config>
    <session-manager persistence-type="replicated">
        <manager-properties>
            <property name="persistenceFrequency" value="web-method" />
        </manager-properties>
        <store-properties>
            <property name="persistenceScope" value="session" />
        </store-properties>
    </session-manager>
    ...
</session-config>
...
</glassfish-web-app>
----

The `replicated` persistence type supports all the manager properties
listed under "link:../application-deployment-guide/dd-elements.html#GSDPG00192[manager-properties]" in GlassFish Server
Open Source Edition Application Deployment Guide except
`sessionFilename`, and supports the `persistenceScope` store property
listed under "link:../application-deployment-guide/dd-elements.html#GSDPG00279[store-properties]" in GlassFish Server
Open Source Edition Application Deployment Guide.

For more information about the `glassfish-web.xml` file, see the
link:../application-deployment-guide/toc.html#GSDPG[GlassFish Server Open Source Edition Application Deployment
Guide].

To specify that web sessions for which high availability is enabled are
first buffered and then replicated using a separate asynchronous thread,
use the `--asyncreplication=true` option of the `asadmin deploy`
command. For example:

[source]
----
asadmin deploy --availabilityenabled=true --asyncreplication=true --name hello.war
----

If `--asyncreplication` is set to true (the default), performance is
improved but availability is reduced. If the instance where states are
buffered but not yet replicated fails, the states are lost. If set to
false, performance is reduced but availability is guaranteed. States are
not buffered but immediately transmitted to other instances in the
cluster.

[[ggrgt]][[GSDVG00143]][[using-comet]]

=== Using Comet

This section explains the Comet programming technique and how to create
and deploy a Comet-enabled application with the Oracle GlassFish Server.

The following topics are addressed here:

* link:#ggrgy[Introduction to Comet]
* link:#ghgxk[Grizzly Comet]
* link:#ghgxn[Bayeux Protocol]

[[ggrgy]][[GSDVG00404]][[introduction-to-comet]]

==== Introduction to Comet

Comet is a programming technique that allows a web server to send
updates to clients without requiring the clients to explicitly request
them.

This kind of programming technique is called server push, which means
that the server pushes data to the client. The opposite style is client
pull, which means that the client must pull the data from the server,
usually through a user-initiated event, such as a button click.

Web applications that use the Comet technique can deliver updates to
clients in a more timely manner than those that use the client-pull
style while avoiding the latency that results from clients frequently
polling the server.

One of the many use cases for Comet is a chat room application. When the
server receives a message from one of the chat clients, it needs to send
the message to the other clients without requiring them to ask for it.
With Comet, the server can deliver messages to the clients as they are
posted rather than expecting the clients to poll the server for new
messages.

To accomplish this scenario, a Comet application establishes a
long-lived HTTP connection. This connection is suspended on the server
side, waiting for an event to happen before resuming. This kind of
connection remains open, allowing an application that uses the Comet
technique to send updates to clients when they are available rather than
expecting clients to reopen the connection to poll the server for
updates.

[[ggrib]][[GSDVG00270]][[the-grizzly-implementation-of-comet]]

===== The Grizzly Implementation of Comet

A limitation of the Comet technique is that you must use it with a web
server that supports non-blocking connections to avoid poor performance.
Non-blocking connections are those that do not need to allocate one
thread for each request. If the web server were to use blocking
connections then it might end up holding many thousands of threads,
thereby hindering its scalability.

The GlassFish server includes the Grizzly HTTP Engine, which enables
asynchronous request processing (ARP) by avoiding blocking connections.
Grizzly's ARP implementation accomplishes this by using the Java NIO
API.

With Java NIO, Grizzly enables greater performance and scalability by
avoiding the limitations experienced by traditional web servers that
must run a thread for each request. Instead, Grizzly's ARP mechanism
makes efficient use of a thread pool system and also keeps the state of
requests so that it can keep requests alive without holding a single
thread for each of them.

Grizzly supports two different implementations of Comet:

* link:#ghgxk[Grizzly Comet] — Based on ARP, this includes a set of APIs
that you use from a web component to enable Comet functionality in your
web application. Grizzly Comet is specific to the Oracle GlassFish
Server.
* link:#ghgxn[Bayeux Protocol] — Often referred to as `Cometd`, it
consists of the JSON-based Bayeux message protocol, a set of Dojo or
Ajax libraries, and an event handler. The Bayeux protocol uses a
publish/subscribe model for server/client communication. The Bayeux
protocol is portable, but it is container dependent if you want to
invoke it from an Enterprise Java Beans (EJB ) component. The Grizzly
implementation of `Cometd` consists of a servlet that you reference from
your web application.

[[ggrim]][[GSDVG00271]][[client-technologies-to-use-with-comet]]

===== Client Technologies to Use With Comet

In addition to creating a web component that uses the Comet APIs, you
need to enable your client to accept asynchronous updates from the web
component. To accomplish this, you can use JavaScript, IFrames, or a
framework, such as http://dojotoolkit.org[Dojo]
(`http://dojotoolkit.org`).

An IFrame is an HTML element that allows you to include other content in
an HTML page. As a result, the client can embed updated content in the
IFrame without having to reload the page.

The example in this tutorial employs a combination of JavaScript and
IFrames to allow the client to accept asynchronous updates. A servlet
included in the example writes out JavaScript code to one of the
IFrames. The JavaScript code contains the updated content and invokes a
function in the page that updates the appropriate elements in the page
with the new content.

The next section explains the two kinds of connections that you can make
to the server. While you can use any of the client technologies listed
in this section with either kind of connection, it is more difficult to
use JavaScript with an HTTP-streaming connection.

[[ggrgo]][[GSDVG00272]][[types-of-comet-connections]]

===== Types of Comet Connections

When working with Comet, as implemented in Grizzly, you have two
different ways to handle client connections to the server:

* HTTP Streaming
* Long Polling

[[ggriu]][[GSDVG00027]][[http-streaming]]

HTTP Streaming

The HTTP Streaming technique keeps a connection open indefinitely. It
never closes, even after the server pushes data to the client.

In the case of HTTP streaming, the application sends a single request
and receives responses as they come, reusing the same connection
forever. This technique significantly reduces the network latency
because the client and the server don't need to open and close the
connection.

The basic life cycle of an application using HTTP-streaming is:

request > suspend > data available > write response > data available >
write response

The client makes an initial request and then suspends the request,
meaning that it waits for a response. Whenever data is available, the
server writes it to the response.

[[ggrhv]][[GSDVG00028]][[long-polling]]

Long Polling

The long-polling technique is a combination of server-push and
client-pull because the client needs to resume the connection after a
certain amount of time or after the server pushes an update to the
client.

The basic life cycle of an application using long-polling is:

request > suspend > data available > write response > resume

The client makes an initial request and then suspends the request. When
an update is available, the server writes it to the response. The
connection closes, and the client optionally resumes the connection.

[[ggtjb]][[GSDVG00029]][[how-to-choose-the-type-of-connection]]

How to Choose the Type of Connection

If you anticipate that your web application will need to send frequent
updates to the client, you should use the HTTP-streaming connection so
that the client does not have to frequently reestablish a connection. If
you anticipate less frequent updates, you should use the long-polling
connection so that the web server does not need to keep a connection
open when no updates are occurring. One caveat to using the
HTTP-streaming connection is that if you are streaming through a proxy,
the proxy can buffer the response from the server. So, be sure to test
your application if you plan to use HTTP-streaming behind a proxy.

[[ghgxk]][[GSDVG00405]][[grizzly-comet]]

==== Grizzly Comet

For details on using Grizzly Comet including a sample application, refer
to the https://eclipse-ee4j.github.io/grizzly/comet.html[Grizzly Comet documentation].

Grizzly's support for Comet includes a small set of APIs that make it
easy to add Comet functionality to your web applications. The Grizzly
Comet APIs that developers use most often are the following:

* `CometContext`: A Comet context, which is a shareable space to which
applications subscribe to receive updates.
* `CometEngine`: The entry point to any component using Comet.
Components can be servlets, JavaServer Pages ( JSP), JavaServer Faces
components, or pure Java classes.
* `CometEvent`: Contains the state of the `CometContext` object
* `CometHandler`: The interface an application implements to be part of
one or more Comet contexts.

The way a developer would use this API in a web component is to perform
the following tasks:

1. Register the context path of the application with the `CometContext`
object:
+
[source,java]
----
CometEngine cometEngine = CometEngine.getEngine();
CometContext cometContext = cometEngine.register(contextPath)
----
2. Register the CometHandler implementation with the `CometContext`
object:
+
[source,java]
----
cometContext.addCometHandler(handler)
----
3. Notify one or more CometHandler implementations when an event
happens:
+
[source,java]
----
cometContext.notify((Object)(handler))
----

[[ghgxn]][[GSDVG00406]][[bayeux-protocol]]

==== Bayeux Protocol

The Bayeux protocol, often referred to as `Cometd`, greatly simplifies
the use of Comet. No server-side coding is needed for servers such as
GlassFish Server that support the Bayeux protocol. Just enable Comet and
the Bayeux protocol, then write and deploy the client.

The following topics are addressed here:

* link:#ghhaw[Enabling Comet]
* link:#ghhap[To Configure the `web.xml` File]
* link:#ghhtv[To Write, Deploy, and Run the Client]

[[ghhaw]][[GSDVG00280]][[enabling-comet]]

===== Enabling Comet

Before running a Comet-enabled application, you need to enable Comet in
the HTTP listener for your application by setting a special attribute in
the associated protocol configuration. The following example shows the
`asadmin set` command that adds this attribute:

[source]
----
asadmin set server-config.network-config.protocols.protocol.http-1.http.comet-support-enabled="true"
----

Substitute the name of the protocol for `http-1`.

[[ghhap]][[GSDVG00067]][[to-configure-the-web.xml-file]]

===== To Configure the `web.xml` File

To enable the Bayeux protocol on the GlassFish Server, you must
reference the `CometdServlet` in your web application's `web.xml` file.
In addition, if your web application includes a servlet, set the
`load-on-startup` value for your servlet to `0` (zero) so that it will
not load until the client makes a request to it.

1. Open the `web.xml` file for your web application in a text editor.
2. Add the following XML code to the `web.xml` file:
+
[source,xml]
----
<servlet>
   <servlet-name>Grizzly Cometd Servlet</servlet-name>
   <servlet-class>
      com.sun.grizzly.cometd.servlet.CometdServlet
   </servlet-class>
   <init-param>
      <description>
         expirationDelay is the long delay before a request is
         resumed. -1 means never.
      </description>
      <param-name>expirationDelay</param-name>
      <param-value>-1</param-value>
   </init-param>
   <load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
   <servlet-name>Grizzly Cometd Servlet</servlet-name>
   <url-pattern>/cometd/*</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
----
Note that the `load-on-startup` value for the `CometdServlet` is `1`.
3. If your web application includes a servlet, set the
`load-on-startup` value to `0` for your servlet (not the
`CometdServlet`) as follows:
+
[source,xml]
----
<servlet>
   ...
   <load-on-startup>0</load-on-startup>
</servlet>
----
4. Save the `web.xml` file.

[[ghhtv]][[GSDVG00068]][[to-write-deploy-and-run-the-client]]

===== To Write, Deploy, and Run the Client

1. Add script tags to the HTML page. For example:
+
[source,xml]
----
<script type="text/javascript" src="chat.js"></script>
----
2. In the script, call the needed libraries. For example:
+
[source]
----
dojo.require("dojo.io.cometd");
----
3. In the script, use `publish` and `subscribe` methods to send and
receive messages. For example:
+
[source]
----
cometd.subscribe("/chat/demo", false, room, "_chat");
cometd.publish("/chat/demo", { user: room._username, chat: text});
----
4. Deploy the web application as you would any other web application.
For example:
+
[source]
----
asadmin deploy cometd-example.war
----
5. Run the application as you would any other web application.
+
The context root for the example chat application is `/cometd` and the
HTML page is `index.html`. So the URL might look like this:
+
[source]
----
http://localhost:8080/cometd/index.html
----

[[GSDVG544]]

See Also

For more information about deployment in the GlassFish Server, see the
link:../application-deployment-guide/toc.html#GSDPG[GlassFish Server Open Source Edition Application Deployment
Guide].

For more information about the Bayeux protocol, see
https://docs.cometd.org/current/reference/#_bayeux[Bayeux Protocol]
(`https://docs.cometd.org/current/reference/#_bayeux`).

For more information about the Dojo toolkit, see
`http://dojotoolkit.org/`.

[[beaft]][[GSDVG00144]][[advanced-web-application-features]]

=== Advanced Web Application Features

The following topics are addressed here:

* link:#beafu[Internationalization Issues]
* link:#gilyj[Virtual Server Properties]
* link:#beagb[Class Loader Delegation]
* link:#beagc[Using the `default-web.xml` File]
* link:#beagd[Configuring Logging and Monitoring in the Web Container]
* link:#beage[Configuring Idempotent URL Requests]
* link:#beagi[Header Management]
* link:#geqrh[Configuring Valves and Catalina Listeners]
* link:#geqpl[Alternate Document Roots]
* link:#geurd[Using a context.xml File]
* link:#gezcx[Enabling WebDav]
* link:#ghepd[Using SSI]
* link:#ghepi[Using CGI]

[[beafu]][[GSDVG00407]][[internationalization-issues]]

==== Internationalization Issues

The following topics are addressed here:

* link:#beafv[The Server's Default Locale]
* link:#beafw[Servlet Character Encoding]

[[beafv]][[GSDVG00281]][[the-servers-default-locale]]

===== The Server's Default Locale

To set the default locale of the entire GlassFish Server, which
determines the locale of the Administration Console, the logs, and so
on, use the Administration Console. Select the domain component. Then
type a value in the Locale field. For details, click the Help button in
the Administration Console.

[[beafw]][[GSDVG00282]][[servlet-character-encoding]]

===== Servlet Character Encoding

This section explains how the GlassFish Server determines the character
encoding for the servlet request and the servlet response. For encodings
you can use, see
`http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/technotes/guides/intl/encoding.doc.html`.

[[beafx]][[GSDVG00031]][[servlet-request]]

Servlet Request

When processing a servlet request, the server uses the following order
of precedence, first to last, to determine the request character
encoding:

* The `getCharacterEncoding` method
* A hidden field in the form, specified by the `form-hint-field`
attribute of the `parameter-encoding` element in the `glassfish-web.xml`
file
* The `default-charset` attribute of the `parameter-encoding` element in
the `glassfish-web.xml` file
* The default, which is `ISO-8859-1`

For details about the `parameter-encoding` element, see
"link:../application-deployment-guide/dd-elements.html#GSDPG00218[parameter-encoding]" in GlassFish Server Open Source
Edition Application Deployment Guide.

[[beafy]][[GSDVG00032]][[servlet-response]]

Servlet Response

When processing a servlet response, the server uses the following order
of precedence, first to last, to determine the response character
encoding:

* The `setCharacterEncoding` or `setContentType` method
* The `setLocale` method
* The default, which is `ISO-8859-1`

[[gilyj]][[GSDVG00408]][[virtual-server-properties]]

==== Virtual Server Properties

You can set virtual server properties in the following ways:

* You can define virtual server properties using the
`asadmin create-virtual-server` command. For example:
+
[source]
----
asadmin create-virtual-server --hosts localhost --property authRealm=ldap MyVS
----
For details and a complete list of virtual server properties, see
link:../reference-manual/create-virtual-server.html#GSRFM00062[`create-virtual-server`(1)].
* You can define virtual server properties using the `asadmin set`
command. For example:
+
[source]
----
asadmin set server-config.http-service.virtual-server.MyVS.property.authRealm="ldap"
----
For details, see link:../reference-manual/set.html#GSRFM00226[`set`(1)].
* You can define virtual server properties using the Administration
Console. Select the HTTP Service component under the relevant
configuration, select Virtual Servers, and select the desired virtual
server. Select Add Property, enter the property name and value, check
the enable box, and select Save. For details and a complete list of
virtual server properties, click the Help button in the Administration
Console.

Some virtual server properties can be set for a specific web
application. For details, see "link:../application-deployment-guide/dd-elements.html#GSDPG00161[glassfish-web-app]" in
GlassFish Server Open Source Edition Application Deployment Guide.

[[beagb]][[GSDVG00409]][[class-loader-delegation]]

==== Class Loader Delegation

The Servlet specification recommends that a web application class loader
look in the local class loader before delegating to its parent. To make
the web application class loader follow the delegation model in the
Servlet specification, set `delegate="false"` in the `class-loader`
element of the `glassfish-web.xml` file. It's safe to do this only for a
web module that does not interact with any other modules.

The default value is `delegate="true"`, which causes the web application
class loader to delegate in the same manner as the other class loaders.
Use `delegate="true"` for a web application that accesses EJB components
or that acts as a web service client or endpoint. For details about
`glassfish-web.xml`, see the link:../application-deployment-guide/toc.html#GSDPG[GlassFish Server Open Source
Edition Application Deployment Guide].

For a number of packages, including `java.*` and `javax.*`, symbol
resolution is always delegated to the parent class loader regardless of
the `delegate` setting. This prevents applications from overriding core
Java runtime classes or changing the API versions of specifications that
are part of the Jakarta EE platform.

For general information about class loaders, see
link:class-loaders.html#beade[Class Loaders].

[[beagc]][[GSDVG00410]][[using-the-default-web.xml-file]]

==== Using the `default-web.xml` File

You can use the `default-web.xml` file to define features such as
filters and security constraints that apply to all web applications.

For example, directory listings are disabled by default for added
security. To enable directory listings, in your domain's
`default-web.xml` file, search for the definition of the servlet whose
`servlet-name` is equal to `default`, and set the value of the
`init-param` named `listings` to `true`. Then redeploy your web
application if it has already been deployed, or restart the server.

[source,xml]
----
<init-param>
   <param-name>listings</param-name>
   <param-value>true</param-value>
</init-param>
----

If `listings` is set to `true`, you can also determine how directory
listings are sorted. Set the value of the `init-param` named `sortedBy`
to `NAME`, `SIZE`, or `LAST_MODIFIED`. Then redeploy your web
application if it has already been deployed, or restart the server.

[source,xml]
----
<init-param>
   <param-name>sortedBy</param-name>
   <param-value>LAST_MODIFIED</param-value>
</init-param>
----

The `mime-mapping` elements in `default-web.xml` are global and
inherited by all web applications. You can override these mappings or
define your own using `mime-mapping` elements in your web application's
`web.xml` file. For more information about `mime-mapping` elements, see
the Servlet specification.

You can use the Administration Console to edit the `default-web.xml`
file. For details, click the Help button in the Administration Console.
As an alternative, you can edit the file directly using the following
steps.

[[fvymc]][[GSDVG00069]][[to-use-the-default-web.xml-file]]

===== To Use the `default-web.xml` File

1. Place the JAR file for the filter, security constraint, or other
feature in the domain-dir`/lib` directory.
2. Edit the domain-dir`/config/default-web.xml` file to refer to the
JAR file.
3. Restart the server.

[[beagd]][[GSDVG00411]][[configuring-logging-and-monitoring-in-the-web-container]]

==== Configuring Logging and Monitoring in the Web Container

For information about configuring logging and monitoring in the web
container using the Administration Console, click the Help button in the
Administration Console. Select Logger Settings under the relevant
configuration, or select the Stand-Alone Instances component, select the
instance from the table, and select the Monitor tab.

[[beage]][[GSDVG00412]][[configuring-idempotent-url-requests]]

==== Configuring Idempotent URL Requests

An idempotent request is one that does not cause any change or
inconsistency in an application when retried. To enhance the
availability of your applications deployed on an GlassFish Server
cluster, configure the load balancer to retry failed idempotent HTTP
requests on all the GlassFish Server instances in a cluster. This option
can be used for read-only requests, for example, to retry a search
request.

The following topics are addressed here:

* link:#beagf[Specifying an Idempotent URL]
* link:#beagg[Characteristics of an Idempotent URL]

[[beagf]][[GSDVG00283]][[specifying-an-idempotent-url]]

===== Specifying an Idempotent URL

To configure idempotent URL response, specify the URLs that can be
safely retried in `idempotent-url-pattern` elements in the
`glassfish-web.xml` file. For example:

[source,xml]
----
<idempotent-url-pattern url-pattern="sun_java/*" no-of-retries="10"/>
----

For details, see "link:../application-deployment-guide/dd-elements.html#GSDPG00164[idempotent-url-pattern]" in GlassFish
Server Open Source Edition Application Deployment Guide.

If none of the server instances can successfully serve the request, an
error page is returned.

[[beagg]][[GSDVG00284]][[characteristics-of-an-idempotent-url]]

===== Characteristics of an Idempotent URL

Since all requests for a given session are sent to the same application
server instance, and if that GlassFish Server instance is unreachable,
the load balancer returns an error message. Normally, the request is not
retried on another GlassFish Server instance. However, if the URL
pattern matches that specified in the `glassfish-web.xml` file, the
request is implicitly retried on another GlassFish Server instance in
the cluster.

In HTTP, some methods (such as GET) are idempotent, while other methods
(such as POST) are not. In effect, retrying an idempotent URL should not
cause values to change on the server or in the database. The only
difference should be a change in the response received by the user.

Examples of idempotent requests include search engine queries and
database queries. The underlying principle is that the retry does not
cause an update or modification of data.

A search engine, for example, sends HTTP requests with the same URL
pattern to the load balancer. Specifying the URL pattern of the search
request to the load balancer ensures that HTTP requests with the
specified URL pattern are implicitly retried on another GlassFish Server
instance.

For example, if the request URL sent to the GlassFish Server is of the
type ``/search/``something``.html``, then the URL pattern can be specified
as ``/search/*``.

Examples of non-idempotent requests include banking transactions and
online shopping. If you retry such requests, money might be transferred
twice from your account.

[[beagi]][[GSDVG00413]][[header-management]]

==== Header Management

In all Editions of the GlassFish Server, the `Enumeration` from
`request.getHeaders()` contains multiple elements (one element per
request header) instead of a single, aggregated value.

The header names used in ``HttpServletResponse.add``XXX``Header()`` and
``HttpServletResponse.set``XXX``Header()`` are returned as they were
created.

[[geqrh]][[GSDVG00414]][[configuring-valves-and-catalina-listeners]]

==== Configuring Valves and Catalina Listeners

You can configure custom valves and Catalina listeners for web modules
or virtual servers by defining properties. A valve class must implement
the org.apache.catalina.Valve interface from Tomcat or previous
GlassFish Server releases, or the org.glassfish.web.valve.GlassFishValve
interface from the current GlassFish Server release. A listener class
for a virtual server must implement the
org.apache.catalina.ContainerListener or
org.apache.catalina.LifecycleListener interface. A listener class for a
web module must implement the org.apache.catalina.ContainerListener ,
org.apache.catalina.LifecycleListener, or
org.apache.catalina.InstanceListener interface.

In the `glassfish-web.xml` file, valve and listener properties for a web
module look like this:

[source,xml]
----
<glassfish-web-app ...>
   ...
   <property name="valve_1" value="org.glassfish.extension.Valve"/>
   <property name="listener_1" value="org.glassfish.extension.MyLifecycleListener"/>
</glassfish-web-app>
----

You can define these same properties for a virtual server. For more
information, see link:#gilyj[Virtual Server Properties].

[[geqpl]][[GSDVG00415]][[alternate-document-roots]]

==== Alternate Document Roots

An alternate document root (docroot) allows a web application to serve
requests for certain resources from outside its own docroot, based on
whether those requests match one (or more) of the URI patterns of the
web application's alternate docroots.

To specify an alternate docroot for a web application or a virtual
server, use the `alternatedocroot_n` property, where n is a positive
integer that allows specification of more than one. This property can be
a subelement of a `glassfish-web-app` element in the `glassfish-web.xml`
file or a virtual server property. For more information about these
elements, see "link:../application-deployment-guide/dd-elements.html#GSDPG00161[glassfish-web-app]" in GlassFish Server
Open Source Edition Application Deployment Guide.

A virtual server's alternate docroots are considered only if a request
does not map to any of the web modules deployed on that virtual server.
A web module's alternate docroots are considered only once a request has
been mapped to that web module.

If a request matches an alternate docroot's URI pattern, it is mapped to
the alternate docroot by appending the request URI (minus the web
application's context root) to the alternate docroot's physical location
(directory). If a request matches multiple URI patterns, the alternate
docroot is determined according to the following precedence order:

* Exact match
* Longest path match
* Extension match

For example, the following properties specify three `glassfish-web.xml`
docroots. The URI pattern of the first alternate docroot uses an exact
match, whereas the URI patterns of the second and third alternate
docroots use extension and longest path prefix matches, respectively.

[source,xml]
----
<property name="alternatedocroot_1" value="from=/my.jpg dir=/srv/images/jpg"/>
<property name="alternatedocroot_2" value="from=*.jpg dir=/srv/images/jpg"/>
<property name="alternatedocroot_3" value="from=/jpg/* dir=/src/images"/>
----

The `value` of each alternate docroot has two components: The first
component, `from`, specifies the alternate docroot's URI pattern, and
the second component, `dir`, specifies the alternate docroot's physical
location (directory).

Suppose the above examples belong to a web application deployed at
`http://company22.com/myapp`. The first alternate docroot maps any
requests with this URL:

[source]
----
http://company22.com/myapp/my.jpg
----

To this resource:

[source]
----
/svr/images/jpg/my.jpg
----

The second alternate docroot maps any requests with a `*.jpg` suffix,
such as:

[source]
----
http://company22.com/myapp/*.jpg
----

To this physical location:

[source]
----
/svr/images/jpg
----

The third alternate docroot maps any requests whose URI starts with
`/myapp/jpg/`, such as:

[source]
----
http://company22.com/myapp/jpg/*
----

To the same directory as the second alternate docroot.

For example, the second alternate docroot maps this request:

[source]
----
http://company22.com/myapp/abc/def/my.jpg
----

To:

[source]
----
/srv/images/jpg/abc/def/my.jpg
----

The third alternate docroot maps:

[source]
----
http://company22.com/myapp/jpg/abc/resource
----

To:

[source]
----
/srv/images/jpg/abc/resource
----

If a request does not match any of the target web application's
alternate docroots, or if the target web application does not specify
any alternate docroots, the request is served from the web application's
standard docroot, as usual.

[[geurd]][[GSDVG00416]][[using-a-context.xml-file]]

==== Using a context.xml File

You can define a `context.xml` file for all web applications, for web
applications assigned to a specific virtual server, or for a specific
web application.

To define a global `context.xml` file, place the file in the
domain-dir`/config` directory and name it `context.xml`.

Use the `contextXmlDefault` property to specify the name and the
location, relative to domain-dir, of the `context.xml` file for a
specific virtual server. Specify this property in one of the following
ways:

* In the Administration Console, open the HTTP Service component under
the relevant configuration. Open the Virtual Servers component and
scroll down to the bottom of the page. Enter `contextXmlDefault` as the
property name and the path and file name relative to domain-dir as the
property value.
* Use the `asadmin create-virtual-server` command. For example:
+
[source]
----
asadmin create-virtual-server --property contextXmlDefault=config/vs1ctx.xml vs1
----
* Use the `asadmin set` command for an existing virtual server. For
example:
+
[source]
----
asadmin set server-config.http-service.virtual-server.vs1.property.contextXmlDefault=config/myctx.xml
----

To define a `context.xml` file for a specific web application, place the
file in the `META-INF` directory and name it `context.xml`.

For more information about virtual server properties, see
link:#gilyj[Virtual Server Properties]. For more information about the
`context.xml` file, see
http://tomcat.apache.org/tomcat-5.5-doc/config/context.html[The Context
Container]
(`http://tomcat.apache.org/tomcat-5.5-doc/config/context.html`). Context
parameters, environment entries, and resource definitions in
`context.xml` are supported in the GlassFish Server.

[[gezcx]][[GSDVG00417]][[enabling-webdav]]

==== Enabling WebDav

To enable WebDav in the GlassFish Server, you edit the `web.xml` and
`glassfish-web.xml` files as follows.

First, enable the WebDav servlet in your `web.xml` file:

[source,xml]
----
<servlet>
   <servlet-name>webdav</servlet-name>
   <servlet-class>org.apache.catalina.servlets.WebdavServlet</servlet-class>
   <init-param>
      <param-name>debug</param-name>
      <param-value>0</param-value>
   </init-param>
   <init-param>
      <param-name>listings</param-name>
      <param-value>true</param-value>
   </init-param>
   <init-param>
      <param-name>readonly</param-name>
      <param-value>false</param-value>
   </init-param>
</servlet>
----

Then define the servlet mapping associated with your WebDav servlet in
your `web.xml` file:

[source,xml]
----
<servlet-mapping>
   <servlet-name>webdav</servlet-name>
   <url-pattern>/webdav/*</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
----

To protect the WebDav servlet so other users can't modify it, add a
security constraint in your `web.xml` file:

[source,xml]
----
<security-constraint>
   <web-resource-collection>
      <web-resource-name>Login Resources</web-resource-name>
      <url-pattern>/webdav/*</url-pattern>
   </web-resource-collection>
   <auth-constraint>
      <role-name>Admin</role-name>
   </auth-constraint>
   <user-data-constraint>
      <transport-guarantee>NONE</transport-guarantee>
   </user-data-constraint>
   <login-config>
      <auth-method>BASIC</auth-method>
      <realm-name>default</realm-name>
   </login-config>
   <security-role>
      <role-name>Admin</role-name>
   </security-role>
</security-constraint>
----

Then define a security role mapping in your `glassfish-web.xml` file:

[source,xml]
----
<security-role-mapping>
   <role-name>Admin</role-name>
   <group-name>Admin</group-name>
</security-role-mapping>
----

If you are using the `file` realm, create a user and password. For
example:

[source]
----
asadmin create-file-user --groups Admin --authrealmname default admin
----

Enable the security manager as described in
link:securing-apps.html#gbyah[Enabling and Disabling the Security
Manager].

You can now use any WebDav client by connecting to the WebDav servlet
URL, which has this format:

[source]
----
http://host:port/context-root/webdav/file
----

For example:

[source]
----
http://localhost:80/glassfish-webdav/webdav/index.html
----

You can add the WebDav servlet to your `default-web.xml` file to enable
it for all applications, but you can't set up a security role mapping to
protect it.

[[ghepd]][[GSDVG00418]][[using-ssi]]

==== Using SSI

To enable SSI (server-side includes) processing for a specific web
module, add the `SSIServlet` to your `web.xml` file as follows:

[source,xml]
----
<web-app>
   <servlet>
      <servlet-name>ssi</servlet-name>
      <servlet-class>org.apache.catalina.ssi.SSIServlet</servlet-class>
   </servlet>
   ...
   <servlet-mapping>
      <servlet-name>ssi</servlet-name>
      <url-pattern>*.shtml</url-pattern>
   </servlet-mapping>
   ...
   <mime-mapping>
      <extension>shtml</extension>
      <mime-type>text/html</mime-type>
   </mime-mapping>
</web-app>
----

To enable SSI processing for all web modules, un-comment the
corresponding sections in the `default-web.xml` file.

If the `mime-mapping` is not specified in `web.xml`, GlassFish Server
attempts to determine the MIME type from `default-web.xml` or the
operating system default.

You can configure the following `init-param` values for the
`SSIServlet`.

[[GSDVG545]][[sthref16]][[gheoy]]


Table 7-4 `SSIServlet` `init-param` Values

[width="100%",cols="28%,11%,20%,41%",options="header",]
|===
|init-param |Type |Default |Description
|buffered |`boolean` |`false` |Specifies whether the output should be
buffered.

|debug |`int` |`0` (for no debugging) |Specifies the debugging level.

|expires |`Long` |`Expires` header in HTTP response not set |Specifies
the expiration time in seconds.

|inputEncoding |`String` |operating system encoding |Specifies encoding
for the SSI input if there is no URL content encoding specified.

|isVirtualWebappRelative |`boolean` |`false` (relative to the given SSI
file) |Specifies whether the virtual path of the `#include` directive is
relative to the `content-root`.

|outputEncoding |`String` |UTF-8 |Specifies encoding for the SSI output.
|===


For more information about SSI, see
`http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/mod/mod_include.html`.

[[ghepi]][[GSDVG00419]][[using-cgi]]

==== Using CGI

To enable CGI (common gateway interface) processing for a specific web
module, add the `CGIServlet` to your `web.xml` file as follows:

[source,xml]
----
<web-app>
   <servlet>
      <servlet-name>cgi</servlet-name>
      <servlet-class>org.apache.catalina.servlets.CGIServlet</servlet-class>
   </servlet>
   ...
   <servlet-mapping>
      <servlet-name>cgi</servlet-name>
      <url-pattern>/cgi-bin/*</url-pattern>
   </servlet-mapping>
</web-app>
----

To enable CGI processing for all web modules, un-comment the
corresponding sections in the `default-web.xml` file.

Package the CGI program under the `cgiPathPrefix`. The default
`cgiPathPrefix` is `WEB-INF/cgi`. For security, it is highly recommended
that the contents and binaries of CGI programs be prohibited from direct
viewing or download. For information about hiding directory listings,
see link:#beagc[Using the `default-web.xml` File].

Invoke the CGI program using a URL of the following format:

[source]
----
http://host:8080/context-root/cgi-bin/cgi-name
----

For example:

[source]
----
http://localhost:8080/mycontext/cgi-bin/hello
----

You can configure the following `init-param` values for the
`CGIServlet`.

[[GSDVG546]][[sthref17]][[ghern]]


Table 7-5 `CGIServlet` `init-param` Values

[width="100%",cols="25%,11%,27%,37%",options="header",]
|===
|init-param |Type |Default |Description
|cgiPathPrefix |`String` |`WEB-INF/cgi` |Specifies the subdirectory
containing the CGI programs.

|debug |`int` |`0` (for no debugging) |Specifies the debugging level.

|executable |`String` |`perl` |Specifies the executable for running the
CGI script.

|parameterEncoding |`String` |`System.getProperty``("file.encoding",`
`"UTF-8")` |Specifies the parameter's encoding.

|passShellEnvironment |`boolean` |`false` |Specifies whether to pass
shell environment properties to the CGI program.
|===


To work with a native executable, do the following:

1. Set the value of the `init-param` named executable to an empty
`String` in the `web.xml` file.
2. Make sure the executable has its executable bits set correctly.
3. Use directory deployment to deploy the web module. Do not deploy it
as a WAR file, because the executable bit information is lost during the
process of `jar` and `unjar`. For more information about directory
deployment, see the link:../application-deployment-guide/toc.html#GSDPG[GlassFish Server Open Source Edition
Application Deployment Guide].