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| <!-- SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later --> |
| |
| <refentry id="machinectl" conditional='ENABLE_MACHINED' |
| xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"> |
| |
| <refentryinfo> |
| <title>machinectl</title> |
| <productname>systemd</productname> |
| </refentryinfo> |
| |
| <refmeta> |
| <refentrytitle>machinectl</refentrytitle> |
| <manvolnum>1</manvolnum> |
| </refmeta> |
| |
| <refnamediv> |
| <refname>machinectl</refname> |
| <refpurpose>Control the systemd machine manager</refpurpose> |
| </refnamediv> |
| |
| <refsynopsisdiv> |
| <cmdsynopsis> |
| <command>machinectl</command> |
| <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg> |
| <arg choice="req">COMMAND</arg> |
| <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">NAME</arg> |
| </cmdsynopsis> |
| </refsynopsisdiv> |
| |
| <refsect1> |
| <title>Description</title> |
| |
| <para><command>machinectl</command> may be used to introspect and |
| control the state of the |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> |
| virtual machine and container registration manager |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-machined.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para> |
| |
| <para><command>machinectl</command> may be used to execute |
| operations on machines and images. Machines in this sense are |
| considered running instances of:</para> |
| |
| <itemizedlist> |
| <listitem><para>Virtual Machines (VMs) that virtualize hardware |
| to run full operating system (OS) instances (including their kernels) |
| in a virtualized environment on top of the host OS.</para></listitem> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Containers that share the hardware and |
| OS kernel with the host OS, in order to run |
| OS userspace instances on top the host OS.</para></listitem> |
| |
| <listitem><para>The host system itself.</para></listitem> |
| </itemizedlist> |
| |
| <para>Machines are identified by names that follow the same rules |
| as UNIX and DNS hostnames. For details, see below.</para> |
| |
| <para>Machines are instantiated from disk or file system images that |
| frequently — but not necessarily — carry the same name as machines running |
| from them. Images in this sense may be:</para> |
| |
| <itemizedlist> |
| <listitem><para>Directory trees containing an OS, including the |
| top-level directories <filename>/usr/</filename>, |
| <filename>/etc/</filename>, and so on.</para></listitem> |
| |
| <listitem><para>btrfs subvolumes containing OS trees, similar to regular directory trees.</para></listitem> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Binary "raw" disk image files containing MBR or GPT partition tables and Linux file |
| systems.</para></listitem> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Similarly, block devices containing MBR or GPT partition tables and file systems.</para></listitem> |
| |
| <listitem><para>The file system tree of the host OS itself.</para></listitem> |
| </itemizedlist> |
| |
| </refsect1> |
| |
| <refsect1> |
| <title>Commands</title> |
| |
| <para>The following commands are understood:</para> |
| |
| <refsect2><title>Machine Commands</title><variablelist> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><command>list</command></term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>List currently running (online) virtual |
| machines and containers. To enumerate machine images that can |
| be started, use <command>list-images</command> (see |
| below). Note that this command hides the special |
| <literal>.host</literal> machine by default. Use the |
| <option>--all</option> switch to show it.</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><command>status</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>…</term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Show runtime status information about |
| one or more virtual machines and containers, followed by the |
| most recent log data from the journal. This function is |
| intended to generate human-readable output. If you are looking |
| for computer-parsable output, use <command>show</command> |
| instead. Note that the log data shown is reported by the |
| virtual machine or container manager, and frequently contains |
| console output of the machine, but not necessarily journal |
| contents of the machine itself.</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><command>show</command> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>…]</term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Show properties of one or more registered virtual machines or containers or the manager |
| itself. If no argument is specified, properties of the manager will be shown. If a NAME is specified, |
| properties of this virtual machine or container are shown. By default, empty properties are suppressed. Use |
| <option>--all</option> to show those too. To select specific properties to show, use |
| <option>--property=</option>. This command is intended to be used whenever computer-parsable output is |
| required, and does not print the control group tree or journal entries. Use <command>status</command> if you |
| are looking for formatted human-readable output.</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><command>start</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>…</term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Start a container as a system service, using |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. |
| This starts <filename>systemd-nspawn@.service</filename>, |
| instantiated for the specified machine name, similar to the |
| effect of <command>systemctl start</command> on the service |
| name. <command>systemd-nspawn</command> looks for a container |
| image by the specified name in |
| <filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename> (and other search |
| paths, see below) and runs it. Use |
| <command>list-images</command> (see below) for listing |
| available container images to start.</para> |
| |
| <para>Note that |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-machined.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> |
| also interfaces with a variety of other container and VM |
| managers, <command>systemd-nspawn</command> is just one |
| implementation of it. Most of the commands available in |
| <command>machinectl</command> may be used on containers or VMs |
| controlled by other managers, not just |
| <command>systemd-nspawn</command>. Starting VMs and container |
| images on those managers requires manager-specific |
| tools.</para> |
| |
| <para>To interactively start a container on the command line |
| with full access to the container's console, please invoke |
| <command>systemd-nspawn</command> directly. To stop a running |
| container use <command>machinectl poweroff</command>.</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><command>login</command> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>]</term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Open an interactive terminal login session in |
| a container or on the local host. If an argument is supplied, |
| it refers to the container machine to connect to. If none is |
| specified, or the container name is specified as the empty |
| string, or the special machine name <literal>.host</literal> |
| (see below) is specified, the connection is made to the local |
| host instead. This will create a TTY connection to a specific |
| container or the local host and asks for the execution of a |
| getty on it. Note that this is only supported for containers |
| running |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> |
| as init system.</para> |
| |
| <para>This command will open a full login prompt on the |
| container or the local host, which then asks for username and |
| password. Use <command>shell</command> (see below) or |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-run</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> |
| with the <option>--machine=</option> switch to directly invoke |
| a single command, either interactively or in the |
| background.</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><command>shell</command> [[<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>@]<replaceable>NAME</replaceable> [<replaceable>PATH</replaceable> [<replaceable>ARGUMENTS</replaceable>…]]] </term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Open an interactive shell session in a |
| container or on the local host. The first argument refers to |
| the container machine to connect to. If none is specified, or |
| the machine name is specified as the empty string, or the |
| special machine name <literal>.host</literal> (see below) is |
| specified, the connection is made to the local host |
| instead. This works similarly to <command>login</command>, but |
| immediately invokes a user process. This command runs the |
| specified executable with the specified arguments, or the |
| default shell for the user if none is specified, or |
| <filename>/bin/sh</filename> if no default shell is found. By default, |
| <option>--uid=</option>, or by prefixing the machine name with |
| a username and an <literal>@</literal> character, a different |
| user may be selected. Use <option>--setenv=</option> to set |
| environment variables for the executed process.</para> |
| |
| <para>Note that <command>machinectl shell</command> does not propagate the exit code/status of the invoked |
| shell process. Use <command>systemd-run</command> instead if that information is required (see below).</para> |
| |
| <para>Using the <command>shell</command> command without arguments (thus invoking the executed shell |
| or command on the local host), is in many ways similar to a <citerefentry |
| project='die-net'><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> session, |
| but, unlike <command>su</command>, completely isolates the new session from the originating session, |
| so that it shares no process or session properties and is in a clean well-defined state. It will be |
| tracked in a new utmp, login, audit, security, and keyring sessions, and will not inherit any |
| environment variables or resource limits, among other properties.</para> |
| |
| <para>Note that |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-run</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> with |
| its <option>--machine=</option> switch may be used in place of the <command>machinectl |
| shell</command> command, and allows non-interactive operation, more detailed and low-level |
| configuration of the invoked unit, as well as access to runtime and exit code/status information of |
| the invoked shell process. In particular, use <command>systemd-run</command>'s |
| <option>--wait</option> switch to propagate exit status information of the invoked process. Use |
| <command>systemd-run</command>'s <option>--pty</option> switch to acquire an interactive shell, |
| similarly to <command>machinectl shell</command>. In general, <command>systemd-run</command> is |
| preferable for scripting purposes. However, note that <command>systemd-run</command> might require |
| higher privileges than <command>machinectl shell</command>.</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><command>enable</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>…</term> |
| <term><command>disable</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>…</term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Enable or disable a container as a system service to start at system boot, using |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. |
| This enables or disables <filename>systemd-nspawn@.service</filename>, instantiated for the specified |
| machine name, similarly to the effect of <command>systemctl enable</command> or <command>systemctl |
| disable</command> on the service name.</para> |
| |
| <para>This command implicitly reloads the system manager configuration after completing the operation. |
| Note that this command does not implicitly start or power off the containers that are being operated on. |
| If this is desired, combine the command with the <option>--now</option> switch.</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><command>poweroff</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>…</term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Power off one or more containers. This will |
| trigger a reboot by sending SIGRTMIN+4 to the container's init |
| process, which causes systemd-compatible init systems to shut |
| down cleanly. Use <command>stop</command> as alias for <command>poweroff</command>. |
| This operation does not work on containers that do not run a |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>-compatible |
| init system, such as sysvinit. Use |
| <command>terminate</command> (see below) to immediately |
| terminate a container or VM, without cleanly shutting it |
| down.</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><command>reboot</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>…</term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Reboot one or more containers. This will |
| trigger a reboot by sending SIGINT to the container's init |
| process, which is roughly equivalent to pressing Ctrl+Alt+Del |
| on a non-containerized system, and is compatible with |
| containers running any system manager.</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><command>terminate</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>…</term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Immediately terminates a virtual machine or |
| container, without cleanly shutting it down. This kills all |
| processes of the virtual machine or container and deallocates |
| all resources attached to that instance. Use |
| <command>poweroff</command> to issue a clean shutdown |
| request.</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><command>kill</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>…</term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Send a signal to one or more processes of the |
| virtual machine or container. This means processes as seen by |
| the host, not the processes inside the virtual machine or |
| container. Use <option>--kill-whom=</option> to select which |
| process to kill. Use <option>--signal=</option> to select the |
| signal to send.</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><command>bind</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> <replaceable>PATH</replaceable> [<replaceable>PATH</replaceable>]</term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Bind mounts a file or directory from the host into the specified container. The first path |
| argument is the source file or directory on the host, the second path argument is the destination file or |
| directory in the container. When the latter is omitted, the destination path in the container is the same as |
| the source path on the host. When combined with the <option>--read-only</option> switch, a ready-only bind |
| mount is created. When combined with the <option>--mkdir</option> switch, the destination path is first created |
| before the mount is applied. Note that this option is currently only supported for |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> containers, |
| and only if user namespacing (<option>--private-users</option>) is not used. This command supports bind |
| mounting directories, regular files, device nodes, <constant>AF_UNIX</constant> socket nodes, as well as |
| FIFOs.</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><command>copy-to</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> <replaceable>PATH</replaceable> [<replaceable>PATH</replaceable>] <option>--force</option></term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Copies files or directories from the host |
| system into a running container. Takes a container name, |
| followed by the source path on the host and the destination |
| path in the container. If the destination path is omitted, the |
| same as the source path is used.</para> |
| |
| <para>If host and container share the same user and group namespace, file ownership by numeric user ID and |
| group ID is preserved for the copy, otherwise all files and directories in the copy will be owned by the root |
| user and group (UID/GID 0).</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><command>copy-from</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> <replaceable>PATH</replaceable> [<replaceable>PATH</replaceable>] <option>--force</option></term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Copies files or directories from a container |
| into the host system. Takes a container name, followed by the |
| source path in the container and the destination path on the host. |
| If the destination path is omitted, the same as the source path |
| is used.</para> |
| |
| <para>If host and container share the same user and group namespace, file ownership by numeric user ID and |
| group ID is preserved for the copy, otherwise all files and directories in the copy will be owned by the root |
| user and group (UID/GID 0).</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| </variablelist></refsect2> |
| |
| <refsect2><title>Image Commands</title><variablelist> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><command>list-images</command></term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Show a list of locally installed container and |
| VM images. This enumerates all raw disk images and container |
| directories and subvolumes in |
| <filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename> (and other search |
| paths, see below). Use <command>start</command> (see above) to |
| run a container off one of the listed images. Note that, by |
| default, containers whose name begins with a dot |
| (<literal>.</literal>) are not shown. To show these too, |
| specify <option>--all</option>. Note that a special image |
| <literal>.host</literal> always implicitly exists and refers |
| to the image the host itself is booted from.</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><command>image-status</command> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>…]</term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Show terse status information about one or |
| more container or VM images. This function is intended to |
| generate human-readable output. Use |
| <command>show-image</command> (see below) to generate |
| computer-parsable output instead.</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><command>show-image</command> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>…]</term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Show properties of one or more registered |
| virtual machine or container images, or the manager itself. If |
| no argument is specified, properties of the manager will be |
| shown. If a NAME is specified, properties of this virtual |
| machine or container image are shown. By default, empty |
| properties are suppressed. Use <option>--all</option> to show |
| those too. To select specific properties to show, use |
| <option>--property=</option>. This command is intended to be |
| used whenever computer-parsable output is required. Use |
| <command>image-status</command> if you are looking for |
| formatted human-readable output.</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><command>clone</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable></term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Clones a container or VM image. The arguments specify the name of the image to clone and the |
| name of the newly cloned image. Note that plain directory container images are cloned into btrfs subvolume |
| images with this command, if the underlying file system supports this. Note that cloning a container or VM |
| image is optimized for file systems that support copy-on-write, and might not be efficient on others, due to |
| file system limitations.</para> |
| |
| <para>Note that this command leaves hostname, machine ID and |
| all other settings that could identify the instance |
| unmodified. The original image and the cloned copy will hence |
| share these credentials, and it might be necessary to manually |
| change them in the copy.</para> |
| |
| <para>If combined with the <option>--read-only</option> switch a read-only cloned image is |
| created.</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><command>rename</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable></term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Renames a container or VM image. The |
| arguments specify the name of the image to rename and the new |
| name of the image.</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><command>read-only</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> [<replaceable>BOOL</replaceable>]</term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Marks or (unmarks) a container or VM image |
| read-only. Takes a VM or container image name, followed by a |
| boolean as arguments. If the boolean is omitted, positive is |
| implied, i.e. the image is marked read-only.</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><command>remove</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>…</term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Removes one or more container or VM images. |
| The special image <literal>.host</literal>, which refers to |
| the host's own directory tree, may not be |
| removed.</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><command>set-limit</command> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>] <replaceable>BYTES</replaceable></term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Sets the maximum size in bytes that a specific |
| container or VM image, or all images, may grow up to on disk |
| (disk quota). Takes either one or two parameters. The first, |
| optional parameter refers to a container or VM image name. If |
| specified, the size limit of the specified image is changed. If |
| omitted, the overall size limit of the sum of all images stored |
| locally is changed. The final argument specifies the size |
| limit in bytes, possibly suffixed by the usual K, M, G, T |
| units. If the size limit shall be disabled, specify |
| <literal>-</literal> as size.</para> |
| |
| <para>Note that per-container size limits are only supported on btrfs file systems.</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><command>clean</command></term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Remove hidden VM or container images (or all). This command removes all hidden machine images |
| from <filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename>, i.e. those whose name begins with a dot. Use <command>machinectl |
| list-images --all</command> to see a list of all machine images, including the hidden ones.</para> |
| |
| <para>When combined with the <option>--all</option> switch removes all images, not just hidden ones. This |
| command effectively empties <filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename>.</para> |
| |
| <para>Note that commands such as <command>machinectl pull-tar</command> or <command>machinectl |
| pull-raw</command> usually create hidden, read-only, unmodified machine images from the downloaded image first, |
| before cloning a writable working copy of it, in order to avoid duplicate downloads in case of images that are |
| reused multiple times. Use <command>machinectl clean</command> to remove old, hidden images created this |
| way.</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| </variablelist></refsect2> |
| |
| <refsect2><title>Image Transfer Commands</title><variablelist> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><command>pull-tar</command> <replaceable>URL</replaceable> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>]</term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Downloads a <filename>.tar</filename> |
| container image from the specified URL, and makes it available |
| under the specified local machine name. The URL must be of |
| type <literal>http://</literal> or |
| <literal>https://</literal>, and must refer to a |
| <filename>.tar</filename>, <filename>.tar.gz</filename>, |
| <filename>.tar.xz</filename> or <filename>.tar.bz2</filename> |
| archive file. If the local machine name is omitted, it |
| is automatically derived from the last component of the URL, |
| with its suffix removed.</para> |
| |
| <para>The image is verified before it is made available, unless |
| <option>--verify=no</option> is specified. |
| Verification is done either via an inline signed file with the name |
| of the image and the suffix <filename>.sha256</filename> or via |
| separate <filename>SHA256SUMS</filename> and |
| <filename>SHA256SUMS.gpg</filename> files. |
| The signature files need to be made available on the same web |
| server, under the same URL as the <filename>.tar</filename> file. |
| With <option>--verify=checksum</option>, only the SHA256 checksum |
| for the file is verified, based on the <filename>.sha256</filename> |
| suffixed file or the <filename>SHA256SUMS</filename> file. |
| With <option>--verify=signature</option>, the sha checksum file is |
| first verified with the inline signature in the |
| <filename>.sha256</filename> file or the detached GPG signature file |
| <filename>SHA256SUMS.gpg</filename>. |
| The public key for this verification step needs to be available in |
| <filename>/usr/lib/systemd/import-pubring.gpg</filename> or |
| <filename>/etc/systemd/import-pubring.gpg</filename>.</para> |
| |
| <para>The container image will be downloaded and stored in a |
| read-only subvolume in |
| <filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename> that is named after |
| the specified URL and its HTTP etag. A writable snapshot is |
| then taken from this subvolume, and named after the specified |
| local name. This behavior ensures that creating multiple |
| container instances of the same URL is efficient, as multiple |
| downloads are not necessary. In order to create only the |
| read-only image, and avoid creating its writable snapshot, |
| specify <literal>-</literal> as local machine name.</para> |
| |
| <para>Note that the read-only subvolume is prefixed with |
| <filename>.tar-</filename>, and is thus not shown by |
| <command>list-images</command>, unless <option>--all</option> |
| is passed.</para> |
| |
| <para>Note that pressing C-c during execution of this command |
| will not abort the download. Use |
| <command>cancel-transfer</command>, described |
| below.</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><command>pull-raw</command> <replaceable>URL</replaceable> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>]</term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Downloads a <filename>.raw</filename> |
| container or VM disk image from the specified URL, and makes |
| it available under the specified local machine name. The URL |
| must be of type <literal>http://</literal> or |
| <literal>https://</literal>. The container image must either |
| be a <filename>.qcow2</filename> or raw disk image, optionally |
| compressed as <filename>.gz</filename>, |
| <filename>.xz</filename>, or <filename>.bz2</filename>. If the |
| local machine name is omitted, it is automatically |
| derived from the last component of the URL, with its suffix |
| removed.</para> |
| |
| <para>Image verification is identical for raw and tar images |
| (see above).</para> |
| |
| <para>If the downloaded image is in |
| <filename>.qcow2</filename> format it is converted into a raw |
| image file before it is made available.</para> |
| |
| <para>Downloaded images of this type will be placed as |
| read-only <filename>.raw</filename> file in |
| <filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename>. A local, writable |
| (reflinked) copy is then made under the specified local |
| machine name. To omit creation of the local, writable copy |
| pass <literal>-</literal> as local machine name.</para> |
| |
| <para>Similarly to the behavior of <command>pull-tar</command>, the read-only image is prefixed with |
| <filename>.raw-</filename>, and thus not shown by <command>list-images</command>, unless |
| <option>--all</option> is passed.</para> |
| |
| <para>Note that pressing C-c during execution of this command |
| will not abort the download. Use |
| <command>cancel-transfer</command>, described |
| below.</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><command>import-tar</command> <replaceable>FILE</replaceable> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>]</term> |
| <term><command>import-raw</command> <replaceable>FILE</replaceable> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>]</term> |
| <listitem><para>Imports a TAR or RAW container or VM image, |
| and places it under the specified name in |
| <filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename>. When |
| <command>import-tar</command> is used, the file specified as |
| the first argument should be a tar archive, possibly compressed |
| with xz, gzip or bzip2. It will then be unpacked into its own |
| subvolume in <filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename>. When |
| <command>import-raw</command> is used, the file should be a |
| qcow2 or raw disk image, possibly compressed with xz, gzip or |
| bzip2. If the second argument (the resulting image name) is |
| not specified, it is automatically derived from the file |
| name. If the filename is passed as <literal>-</literal>, the |
| image is read from standard input, in which case the second |
| argument is mandatory.</para> |
| |
| <para>Optionally, the <option>--read-only</option> switch may be used to create a read-only container or VM |
| image. No cryptographic validation is done when importing the images.</para> |
| |
| <para>Much like image downloads, ongoing imports may be listed |
| with <command>list-transfers</command> and aborted with |
| <command>cancel-transfer</command>.</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><command>import-fs</command> <replaceable>DIRECTORY</replaceable> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>]</term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Imports a container image stored in a local directory into |
| <filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename>, operates similarly to <command>import-tar</command> or |
| <command>import-raw</command>, but the first argument is the source directory. If supported, this |
| command will create a btrfs snapshot or subvolume for the new image.</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><command>export-tar</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> [<replaceable>FILE</replaceable>]</term> |
| <term><command>export-raw</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> [<replaceable>FILE</replaceable>]</term> |
| <listitem><para>Exports a TAR or RAW container or VM image and |
| stores it in the specified file. The first parameter should be |
| a VM or container image name. The second parameter should be a |
| file path the TAR or RAW image is written to. If the path ends |
| in <literal>.gz</literal>, the file is compressed with gzip, if |
| it ends in <literal>.xz</literal>, with xz, and if it ends in |
| <literal>.bz2</literal>, with bzip2. If the path ends in |
| neither, the file is left uncompressed. If the second argument |
| is missing, the image is written to standard output. The |
| compression may also be explicitly selected with the |
| <option>--format=</option> switch. This is in particular |
| useful if the second parameter is left unspecified.</para> |
| |
| <para>Much like image downloads and imports, ongoing exports |
| may be listed with <command>list-transfers</command> and |
| aborted with |
| <command>cancel-transfer</command>.</para> |
| |
| <para>Note that, currently, only directory and subvolume images |
| may be exported as TAR images, and only raw disk images as RAW |
| images.</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><command>list-transfers</command></term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Shows a list of container or VM image |
| downloads, imports and exports that are currently in |
| progress.</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><command>cancel-transfer</command> <replaceable>ID</replaceable>…</term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Aborts a download, import or export of the |
| container or VM image with the specified ID. To list ongoing |
| transfers and their IDs, use |
| <command>list-transfers</command>. </para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| </variablelist></refsect2> |
| |
| </refsect1> |
| |
| <refsect1> |
| <title>Options</title> |
| |
| <para>The following options are understood:</para> |
| |
| <variablelist> |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><option>-p</option></term> |
| <term><option>--property=</option></term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>When showing machine or image properties, |
| limit the output to certain properties as specified by the |
| argument. If not specified, all set properties are shown. The |
| argument should be a property name, such as |
| <literal>Name</literal>. If specified more than once, all |
| properties with the specified names are |
| shown.</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><option>-a</option></term> |
| <term><option>--all</option></term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>When showing machine or image properties, show |
| all properties regardless of whether they are set or |
| not.</para> |
| |
| <para>When listing VM or container images, do not suppress |
| images beginning in a dot character |
| (<literal>.</literal>).</para> |
| |
| <para>When cleaning VM or container images, remove all images, not just hidden ones.</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><option>--value</option></term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>When printing properties with <command>show</command>, only print the value, |
| and skip the property name and <literal>=</literal>.</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><option>-l</option></term> |
| <term><option>--full</option></term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Do not ellipsize process tree entries or table. This implies |
| <option>--max-addresses=full</option>.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><option>--kill-whom=</option></term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>When used with <command>kill</command>, choose |
| which processes to kill. Must be one of |
| <option>leader</option>, or <option>all</option> to select |
| whether to kill only the leader process of the machine or all |
| processes of the machine. If omitted, defaults to |
| <option>all</option>.</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="signal" /> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><option>--uid=</option></term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>When used with the <command>shell</command> command, chooses the user ID to |
| open the interactive shell session as. If the argument to the <command>shell</command> |
| command also specifies a user name, this option is ignored. If the name is not specified |
| in either way, <literal>root</literal> will be used by default. Note that this switch is |
| not supported for the <command>login</command> command (see below).</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><option>-E <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>[=<replaceable>VALUE</replaceable>]</option></term> |
| <term><option>--setenv=<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>[=<replaceable>VALUE</replaceable>]</option></term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>When used with the <command>shell</command> command, sets an environment variable for |
| the executed shell. This option may be used more than once to set multiple variables. When |
| <literal>=</literal> and <replaceable>VALUE</replaceable> are omitted, the value of the variable with |
| the same name in the program environment will be used.</para> |
| |
| <para>Note that this option is not supported for the <command>login</command> command. |
| </para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><option>--mkdir</option></term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>When used with <command>bind</command>, creates the destination file or directory before |
| applying the bind mount. Note that even though the name of this option suggests that it is suitable only for |
| directories, this option also creates the destination file node to mount over if the object to mount is not |
| a directory, but a regular file, device node, socket or FIFO.</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><option>--read-only</option></term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>When used with <command>bind</command>, creates a read-only bind mount.</para> |
| |
| <para>When used with <command>clone</command>, <command>import-raw</command> or <command>import-tar</command> a |
| read-only container or VM image is created.</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><option>-n</option></term> |
| <term><option>--lines=</option></term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>When used with <command>status</command>, |
| controls the number of journal lines to show, counting from |
| the most recent ones. Takes a positive integer argument. |
| Defaults to 10.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><option>-o</option></term> |
| <term><option>--output=</option></term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>When used with <command>status</command>, |
| controls the formatting of the journal entries that are shown. |
| For the available choices, see |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>journalctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. |
| Defaults to <literal>short</literal>.</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><option>--verify=</option></term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>When downloading a container or VM image, |
| specify whether the image shall be verified before it is made |
| available. Takes one of <literal>no</literal>, |
| <literal>checksum</literal> and <literal>signature</literal>. |
| If <literal>no</literal>, no verification is done. If |
| <literal>checksum</literal> is specified, the download is |
| checked for integrity after the transfer is complete, but no |
| signatures are verified. If <literal>signature</literal> is |
| specified, the checksum is verified and the image's signature |
| is checked against a local keyring of trustable vendors. It is |
| strongly recommended to set this option to |
| <literal>signature</literal> if the server and protocol |
| support this. Defaults to |
| <literal>signature</literal>.</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><option>--now</option></term> |
| |
| <listitem> |
| <para>When used with <command>enable</command> or <command>disable</command>, |
| the containers will also be started or powered off. The start or poweroff |
| operation is only carried out when the respective enable or disable |
| operation has been successful.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><option>--force</option></term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>When downloading a container or VM image, and |
| a local copy by the specified local machine name already |
| exists, delete it first and replace it by the newly downloaded |
| image.</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><option>--format=</option></term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>When used with the <option>export-tar</option> |
| or <option>export-raw</option> commands, specifies the |
| compression format to use for the resulting file. Takes one of |
| <literal>uncompressed</literal>, <literal>xz</literal>, |
| <literal>gzip</literal>, <literal>bzip2</literal>. By default, |
| the format is determined automatically from the image file |
| name passed.</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><option>--max-addresses=</option></term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>When used with the <option>list-machines</option> command, limits the number of IP |
| addresses shown for every machine. Defaults to 1. All addresses can be requested with |
| <literal>all</literal>. If the limit is 0, the address column is not shown. Otherwise, if the machine |
| has more addresses than shown, <literal>…</literal> follows the last address.</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><option>-q</option></term> |
| <term><option>--quiet</option></term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Suppresses additional informational output while running.</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <xi:include href="user-system-options.xml" xpointer="host" /> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><option>-M</option></term> |
| <term><option>--machine=</option></term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Connect to |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-machined.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> |
| running in a local container, to perform the specified operation within |
| the container.</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="no-pager" /> |
| <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="no-legend" /> |
| <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="no-ask-password" /> |
| <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="help" /> |
| <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="version" /> |
| </variablelist> |
| </refsect1> |
| |
| <refsect1> |
| <title>Machine and Image Names</title> |
| |
| <para>The <command>machinectl</command> tool operates on machines |
| and images whose names must be chosen following strict |
| rules. Machine names must be suitable for use as hostnames |
| following a conservative subset of DNS and UNIX/Linux |
| semantics. Specifically, they must consist of one or more |
| non-empty label strings, separated by dots. No leading or trailing |
| dots are allowed. No sequences of multiple dots are allowed. The |
| label strings may only consist of alphanumeric characters as well |
| as the dash and underscore. The maximum length of a machine name |
| is 64 characters.</para> |
| |
| <para>A special machine with the name <literal>.host</literal> |
| refers to the running host system itself. This is useful for execution |
| operations or inspecting the host system as well. Note that |
| <command>machinectl list</command> will not show this special |
| machine unless the <option>--all</option> switch is specified.</para> |
| |
| <para>Requirements on image names are less strict, however, they must be |
| valid UTF-8, must be suitable as file names (hence not be the |
| single or double dot, and not include a slash), and may not |
| contain control characters. Since many operations search for an |
| image by the name of a requested machine, it is recommended to name |
| images in the same strict fashion as machines.</para> |
| |
| <para>A special image with the name <literal>.host</literal> |
| refers to the image of the running host system. It hence |
| conceptually maps to the special <literal>.host</literal> machine |
| name described above. Note that <command>machinectl |
| list-images</command> will not show this special image either, unless |
| <option>--all</option> is specified.</para> |
| </refsect1> |
| |
| <refsect1> |
| <title>Files and Directories</title> |
| |
| <para>Machine images are preferably stored in |
| <filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename>, but are also searched for |
| in <filename>/usr/local/lib/machines/</filename> and |
| <filename>/usr/lib/machines/</filename>. For compatibility reasons, |
| the directory <filename>/var/lib/container/</filename> is |
| searched, too. Note that images stored below |
| <filename>/usr/</filename> are always considered read-only. It is |
| possible to symlink machines images from other directories into |
| <filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename> to make them available for |
| control with <command>machinectl</command>.</para> |
| |
| <para>Note that some image operations are only supported, efficient or atomic on btrfs file systems.</para> |
| |
| <para>Disk images are understood by |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> |
| and <command>machinectl</command> in three formats:</para> |
| |
| <itemizedlist> |
| <listitem><para>A simple directory tree, containing the files |
| and directories of the container to boot.</para></listitem> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Subvolumes (on btrfs file systems), which are |
| similar to the simple directories, described above. However, |
| they have additional benefits, such as efficient cloning and |
| quota reporting.</para></listitem> |
| |
| <listitem><para>"Raw" disk images, i.e. binary images of disks |
| with a GPT or MBR partition table. Images of this type are |
| regular files with the suffix |
| <literal>.raw</literal>.</para></listitem> |
| </itemizedlist> |
| |
| <para>See |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> |
| for more information on image formats, in particular its |
| <option>--directory=</option> and <option>--image=</option> |
| options.</para> |
| </refsect1> |
| |
| <refsect1> |
| <title>Examples</title> |
| <example> |
| <title>Download an Ubuntu image and open a shell in it</title> |
| |
| <programlisting># machinectl pull-tar https://cloud-images.ubuntu.com/trusty/current/trusty-server-cloudimg-amd64-root.tar.gz |
| # systemd-nspawn -M trusty-server-cloudimg-amd64-root</programlisting> |
| |
| <para>This downloads and verifies the specified |
| <filename>.tar</filename> image, and then uses |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> |
| to open a shell in it.</para> |
| </example> |
| |
| <example> |
| <title>Download a Fedora image, set a root password in it, start |
| it as a service</title> |
| |
| <programlisting># machinectl pull-raw --verify=no \ |
| https://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/fedora/linux/releases/&fedora_latest_version;/Cloud/x86_64/images/Fedora-Cloud-Base-&fedora_latest_version;-&fedora_cloud_release;.x86_64.raw.xz \ |
| Fedora-Cloud-Base-&fedora_latest_version;-&fedora_cloud_release;.x86-64 |
| # systemd-nspawn -M Fedora-Cloud-Base-&fedora_latest_version;-&fedora_cloud_release;.x86-64 |
| # passwd |
| # exit |
| # machinectl start Fedora-Cloud-Base-&fedora_latest_version;-&fedora_cloud_release;.x86-64 |
| # machinectl login Fedora-Cloud-Base-&fedora_latest_version;-&fedora_cloud_release;.x86-64</programlisting> |
| |
| <para>This downloads the specified <filename>.raw</filename> |
| image with verification disabled. Then, a shell is opened in it |
| and a root password is set. Afterwards the shell is left, and |
| the machine started as system service. With the last command a |
| login prompt into the container is requested.</para> |
| </example> |
| |
| <example> |
| <title>Exports a container image as tar file</title> |
| |
| <programlisting># machinectl export-tar fedora myfedora.tar.xz</programlisting> |
| |
| <para>Exports the container <literal>fedora</literal> as an |
| xz-compressed tar file <filename>myfedora.tar.xz</filename> into the |
| current directory.</para> |
| </example> |
| |
| <example> |
| <title>Create a new shell session</title> |
| |
| <programlisting># machinectl shell --uid=lennart</programlisting> |
| |
| <para>This creates a new shell session on the local host for |
| the user ID <literal>lennart</literal>, in a <citerefentry |
| project='die-net'><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>-like |
| fashion.</para> |
| </example> |
| |
| </refsect1> |
| |
| <refsect1> |
| <title>Exit status</title> |
| |
| <para>On success, 0 is returned, a non-zero failure code |
| otherwise.</para> |
| </refsect1> |
| |
| <xi:include href="common-variables.xml" /> |
| |
| <refsect1> |
| <title>See Also</title> |
| <para> |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-machined.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.special</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>, |
| <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>tar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, |
| <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>xz</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, |
| <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>gzip</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, |
| <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>bzip2</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> |
| </para> |
| </refsect1> |
| |
| </refentry> |
