| <?xml version='1.0'?> |
| <!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN" |
| "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd"> |
| <!-- SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later --> |
| |
| <refentry id="systemd-run" |
| xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"> |
| |
| <refentryinfo> |
| <title>systemd-run</title> |
| <productname>systemd</productname> |
| </refentryinfo> |
| |
| <refmeta> |
| <refentrytitle>systemd-run</refentrytitle> |
| <manvolnum>1</manvolnum> |
| </refmeta> |
| |
| <refnamediv> |
| <refname>systemd-run</refname> |
| <refpurpose>Run programs in transient scope units, service units, or path-, socket-, or timer-triggered service units</refpurpose> |
| </refnamediv> |
| |
| <refsynopsisdiv> |
| <cmdsynopsis> |
| <command>systemd-run</command> |
| <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg> |
| <arg choice="plain"><replaceable>COMMAND</replaceable> |
| <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">ARGS</arg> |
| </arg> |
| </cmdsynopsis> |
| <cmdsynopsis> |
| <command>systemd-run</command> |
| <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg> |
| <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">PATH OPTIONS</arg> |
| <arg choice="req"><replaceable>COMMAND</replaceable></arg> |
| <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">ARGS</arg> |
| </cmdsynopsis> |
| <cmdsynopsis> |
| <command>systemd-run</command> |
| <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg> |
| <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">SOCKET OPTIONS</arg> |
| <arg choice="req"><replaceable>COMMAND</replaceable></arg> |
| <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">ARGS</arg> |
| </cmdsynopsis> |
| <cmdsynopsis> |
| <command>systemd-run</command> |
| <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg> |
| <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">TIMER OPTIONS</arg> |
| <arg choice="req"><replaceable>COMMAND</replaceable></arg> |
| <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">ARGS</arg> |
| </cmdsynopsis> |
| </refsynopsisdiv> |
| |
| <refsect1> |
| <title>Description</title> |
| |
| <para><command>systemd-run</command> may be used to create and start a transient <filename>.service</filename> or |
| <filename>.scope</filename> unit and run the specified <replaceable>COMMAND</replaceable> in it. It may also be |
| used to create and start a transient <filename>.path</filename>, <filename>.socket</filename>, or |
| <filename>.timer</filename> unit, that activates a <filename>.service</filename> unit when elapsing.</para> |
| |
| <para>If a command is run as transient service unit, it will be started and managed by the service manager like any |
| other service, and thus shows up in the output of <command>systemctl list-units</command> like any other unit. It |
| will run in a clean and detached execution environment, with the service manager as its parent process. In this |
| mode, <command>systemd-run</command> will start the service asynchronously in the background and return after the |
| command has begun execution (unless <option>--no-block</option> or <option>--wait</option> are specified, see |
| below).</para> |
| |
| <para>If a command is run as transient scope unit, it will be executed by <command>systemd-run</command> |
| itself as parent process and will thus inherit the execution environment of the caller. However, the |
| processes of the command are managed by the service manager similarly to normal services, and will show |
| up in the output of <command>systemctl list-units</command>. Execution in this case is synchronous, and |
| will return only when the command finishes. This mode is enabled via the <option>--scope</option> switch |
| (see below).</para> |
| |
| <para>If a command is run with path, socket, or timer options such as <option>--on-calendar=</option> (see below), |
| a transient path, socket, or timer unit is created alongside the service unit for the specified command. Only the |
| transient path, socket, or timer unit is started immediately, the transient service unit will be triggered by the |
| path, socket, or timer unit. If the <option>--unit=</option> option is specified, the |
| <replaceable>COMMAND</replaceable> may be omitted. In this case, <command>systemd-run</command> creates only a |
| <filename>.path</filename>, <filename>.socket</filename>, or <filename>.timer</filename> unit that triggers the |
| specified unit.</para> |
| |
| <para>By default, services created with <command>systemd-run</command> default to the |
| <option>simple</option> type, see the description of <varname>Type=</varname> in |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for |
| details. Note that when this type is used, the service manager (and thus the |
| <command>systemd-run</command> command) considers service start-up successful as soon as the |
| <function>fork()</function> for the main service process succeeded, i.e. before the |
| <function>execve()</function> is invoked, and thus even if the specified command cannot be started. |
| Consider using the <option>exec</option> service type (i.e. <option>--property=Type=exec</option>) to |
| ensure that <command>systemd-run</command> returns successfully only if the specified command line has |
| been successfully started.</para> |
| </refsect1> |
| |
| <refsect1> |
| <title>Options</title> |
| |
| <para>The following options are understood:</para> |
| |
| <variablelist> |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><option>--no-ask-password</option></term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Do not query the user for authentication for |
| privileged operations.</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><option>--scope</option></term> |
| |
| <listitem> |
| <para>Create a transient <filename>.scope</filename> unit instead of the default transient |
| <filename>.service</filename> unit (see above). |
| </para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><option>--unit=</option></term> |
| <term><option>-u</option></term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Use this unit name instead of an automatically |
| generated one.</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><option>--property=</option></term> |
| <term><option>-p</option></term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Sets a property on the scope or service unit that is created. This option takes an assignment |
| in the same format as |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>'s |
| <command>set-property</command> command.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><option>--description=</option></term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Provide a description for the service, scope, path, socket, or timer unit. If not specified, |
| the command itself will be used as a description. See <varname>Description=</varname> in |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>. |
| </para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><option>--slice=</option></term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Make the new <filename>.service</filename> or <filename>.scope</filename> unit part |
| of the specified slice, instead of <filename>system.slice</filename> (when running in |
| <option>--system</option> mode) or the root slice (when running in <option>--user</option> |
| mode).</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><option>--slice-inherit</option></term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Make the new <filename>.service</filename> or <filename>.scope</filename> unit part |
| of the inherited slice. This option can be combined with <option>--slice=</option>.</para> |
| |
| <para>An inherited slice is located within <command>systemd-run</command> slice. Example: if |
| <command>systemd-run</command> slice is <filename>foo.slice</filename>, and the |
| <option>--slice=</option> argument is <filename>bar</filename>, the unit will be placed under the |
| <filename>foo-bar.slice</filename>.</para> |
| |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><option>-r</option></term> |
| <term><option>--remain-after-exit</option></term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>After the service process has terminated, keep the service around until it is explicitly |
| stopped. This is useful to collect runtime information about the service after it finished running. Also see |
| <varname>RemainAfterExit=</varname> in |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>. |
| </para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><option>--send-sighup</option></term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>When terminating the scope or service unit, send a SIGHUP immediately after SIGTERM. This is |
| useful to indicate to shells and shell-like processes that the connection has been severed. Also see |
| <varname>SendSIGHUP=</varname> in |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.kill</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>. |
| </para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><option>--service-type=</option></term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Sets the service type. Also see |
| <varname>Type=</varname> in |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>. This |
| option has no effect in conjunction with |
| <option>--scope</option>. Defaults to |
| <constant>simple</constant>.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><option>--uid=</option></term> |
| <term><option>--gid=</option></term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Runs the service process under the specified UNIX user and group. Also see |
| <varname>User=</varname> and <varname>Group=</varname> in |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><option>--nice=</option></term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Runs the service process with the specified |
| nice level. Also see <varname>Nice=</varname> in |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><option>--working-directory=</option></term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Runs the service process with the specified working directory. Also see |
| <varname>WorkingDirectory=</varname> in |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><option>--same-dir</option></term> |
| <term><option>-d</option></term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Similar to <option>--working-directory=</option>, but uses the current working |
| directory of the caller for the service to execute.</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><option>-E <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>[=<replaceable>VALUE</replaceable>]</option></term> |
| <term><option>--setenv=<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>[=<replaceable>VALUE</replaceable>]</option></term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Runs the service process with the specified environment variable set. This parameter |
| may be used more than once to set multiple variables. When <literal>=</literal> and |
| <replaceable>VALUE</replaceable> are omitted, the value of the variable with the same name in the |
| program environment will be used.</para> |
| |
| <para>Also see <varname>Environment=</varname> in |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><option>--pty</option></term> |
| <term><option>-t</option></term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>When invoking the command, the transient service connects its standard input, output and error |
| to the terminal <command>systemd-run</command> is invoked on, via a pseudo TTY device. This allows running |
| programs that expect interactive user input/output as services, such as interactive command shells.</para> |
| |
| <para>Note that |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>machinectl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>'s |
| <command>shell</command> command is usually a better alternative for requesting a new, interactive login |
| session on the local host or a local container.</para> |
| |
| <para>See below for details on how this switch combines with <option>--pipe</option>.</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><option>--pipe</option></term> |
| <term><option>-P</option></term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>If specified, standard input, output, and error of the transient service are inherited from the |
| <command>systemd-run</command> command itself. This allows <command>systemd-run</command> |
| to be used within shell pipelines. |
| Note that this mode is not suitable for interactive command shells and similar, as the |
| service process will not become a TTY controller when invoked on a terminal. Use <option>--pty</option> instead |
| in that case.</para> |
| |
| <para>When both <option>--pipe</option> and <option>--pty</option> are used in combination the more appropriate |
| option is automatically determined and used. Specifically, when invoked with standard input, output and error |
| connected to a TTY <option>--pty</option> is used, and otherwise <option>--pipe</option>.</para> |
| |
| <para>When this option is used the original file descriptors <command>systemd-run</command> receives are passed |
| to the service processes as-is. If the service runs with different privileges than |
| <command>systemd-run</command>, this means the service might not be able to re-open the passed file |
| descriptors, due to normal file descriptor access restrictions. If the invoked process is a shell script that |
| uses the <command>echo "hello" >/dev/stderr</command> construct for writing messages to stderr, this might |
| cause problems, as this only works if stderr can be re-opened. To mitigate this use the construct <command>echo |
| "hello" >&2</command> instead, which is mostly equivalent and avoids this pitfall.</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><option>--shell</option></term> |
| <term><option>-S</option></term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>A shortcut for <literal>--pty --same-dir --wait --collect --service-type=exec $SHELL</literal>, |
| i.e. requests an interactive shell in the current working directory, running in service context, accessible |
| with a single switch.</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><option>--quiet</option></term> |
| <term><option>-q</option></term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Suppresses additional informational output |
| while running. This is particularly useful in combination with |
| <option>--pty</option> when it will suppress the initial |
| message explaining how to terminate the TTY connection.</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><option>--on-active=</option></term> |
| <term><option>--on-boot=</option></term> |
| <term><option>--on-startup=</option></term> |
| <term><option>--on-unit-active=</option></term> |
| <term><option>--on-unit-inactive=</option></term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Defines a monotonic timer relative to different starting points for starting the specified |
| command. See <varname>OnActiveSec=</varname>, <varname>OnBootSec=</varname>, <varname>OnStartupSec=</varname>, |
| <varname>OnUnitActiveSec=</varname> and <varname>OnUnitInactiveSec=</varname> in |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.timer</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for |
| details. These options are shortcuts for <command>--timer-property=</command> with the relevant properties. |
| These options may not be combined with <option>--scope</option> or <option>--pty</option>.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><option>--on-calendar=</option></term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Defines a calendar timer for starting the specified command. See <varname>OnCalendar=</varname> |
| in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.timer</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>. This |
| option is a shortcut for <command>--timer-property=OnCalendar=</command>. This option may not be combined with |
| <option>--scope</option> or <option>--pty</option>.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><option>--on-clock-change</option></term> |
| <term><option>--on-timezone-change</option></term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Defines a trigger based on system clock jumps or timezone changes for starting the |
| specified command. See <varname>OnClockChange=</varname> and <varname>OnTimezoneChange=</varname> in |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.timer</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>. These |
| options are shortcuts for <command>--timer-property=OnClockChange=yes</command> and |
| <command>--timer-property=OnTimezoneChange=yes</command>. These options may not be combined with |
| <option>--scope</option> or <option>--pty</option>.</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><option>--path-property=</option></term> |
| <term><option>--socket-property=</option></term> |
| <term><option>--timer-property=</option></term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Sets a property on the path, socket, or timer unit that is created. This option is |
| similar to <option>--property=</option>, but applies to the transient path, socket, or timer unit |
| rather than the transient service unit created. This option takes an assignment in the same format as |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>'s |
| <command>set-property</command> command. These options may not be combined with |
| <option>--scope</option> or <option>--pty</option>.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><option>--no-block</option></term> |
| |
| <listitem> |
| <para>Do not synchronously wait for the unit start operation to finish. If this option is not specified, the |
| start request for the transient unit will be verified, enqueued and <command>systemd-run</command> will wait |
| until the unit's start-up is completed. By passing this argument, it is only verified and enqueued. This |
| option may not be combined with <option>--wait</option>.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><option>--wait</option></term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Synchronously wait for the transient service to terminate. If this option is specified, the |
| start request for the transient unit is verified, enqueued, and waited for. Subsequently the invoked unit is |
| monitored, and it is waited until it is deactivated again (most likely because the specified command |
| completed). On exit, terse information about the unit's runtime is shown, including total runtime (as well as |
| CPU usage, if <option>--property=CPUAccounting=1</option> was set) and the exit code and status of the main |
| process. This output may be suppressed with <option>--quiet</option>. This option may not be combined with |
| <option>--no-block</option>, <option>--scope</option> or the various path, socket, or timer options.</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><option>-G</option></term> |
| <term><option>--collect</option></term> |
| |
| <listitem><para>Unload the transient unit after it completed, even if it failed. Normally, without this option, |
| all units that ran and failed are kept in memory until the user explicitly resets their failure state with |
| <command>systemctl reset-failed</command> or an equivalent command. On the other hand, units that ran |
| successfully are unloaded immediately. If this option is turned on the "garbage collection" of units is more |
| aggressive, and unloads units regardless if they exited successfully or failed. This option is a shortcut for |
| <command>--property=CollectMode=inactive-or-failed</command>, see the explanation for |
| <varname>CollectMode=</varname> in |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for further |
| information.</para></listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| <xi:include href="user-system-options.xml" xpointer="user" /> |
| <xi:include href="user-system-options.xml" xpointer="system" /> |
| <xi:include href="user-system-options.xml" xpointer="host" /> |
| <xi:include href="user-system-options.xml" xpointer="machine" /> |
| |
| <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="help" /> |
| <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="version" /> |
| </variablelist> |
| |
| <para>All command line arguments after the first non-option argument become part of the command line of |
| the launched process.</para> |
| </refsect1> |
| |
| <refsect1> |
| <title>Exit status</title> |
| |
| <para>On success, 0 is returned. If <command>systemd-run</command> failed to start the service, a |
| non-zero return value will be returned. If <command>systemd-run</command> waits for the service to |
| terminate, the return value will be propagated from the service. 0 will be returned on success, including |
| all the cases where systemd considers a service to have exited cleanly, see the discussion of |
| <varname>SuccessExitStatus=</varname> in |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>. |
| </para> |
| </refsect1> |
| |
| <refsect1> |
| <title>Examples</title> |
| |
| <example> |
| <title>Logging environment variables provided by systemd to services</title> |
| |
| <programlisting># systemd-run env |
| Running as unit: run-19945.service |
| # journalctl -u run-19945.service |
| Sep 08 07:37:21 bupkis systemd[1]: Starting /usr/bin/env... |
| Sep 08 07:37:21 bupkis systemd[1]: Started /usr/bin/env. |
| Sep 08 07:37:21 bupkis env[19948]: PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin |
| Sep 08 07:37:21 bupkis env[19948]: LANG=en_US.UTF-8 |
| Sep 08 07:37:21 bupkis env[19948]: BOOT_IMAGE=/vmlinuz-3.11.0-0.rc5.git6.2.fc20.x86_64</programlisting> |
| </example> |
| |
| <example> |
| <title>Limiting resources available to a command</title> |
| |
| <programlisting># systemd-run -p IOWeight=10 updatedb</programlisting> |
| |
| <para>This command invokes the <citerefentry |
| project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>updatedb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> |
| tool, but lowers the block I/O weight for it to 10. See |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.resource-control</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> |
| for more information on the <varname>IOWeight=</varname> property.</para> |
| </example> |
| |
| <example> |
| <title>Running commands at a specified time</title> |
| |
| <para>The following command will touch a file after 30 seconds.</para> |
| |
| <programlisting># date; systemd-run --on-active=30 --timer-property=AccuracySec=100ms /bin/touch /tmp/foo |
| Mon Dec 8 20:44:24 KST 2014 |
| Running as unit: run-71.timer |
| Will run service as unit: run-71.service |
| # journalctl -b -u run-71.timer |
| -- Journal begins at Fri 2014-12-05 19:09:21 KST, ends at Mon 2014-12-08 20:44:54 KST. -- |
| Dec 08 20:44:38 container systemd[1]: Starting /bin/touch /tmp/foo. |
| Dec 08 20:44:38 container systemd[1]: Started /bin/touch /tmp/foo. |
| # journalctl -b -u run-71.service |
| -- Journal begins at Fri 2014-12-05 19:09:21 KST, ends at Mon 2014-12-08 20:44:54 KST. -- |
| Dec 08 20:44:48 container systemd[1]: Starting /bin/touch /tmp/foo... |
| Dec 08 20:44:48 container systemd[1]: Started /bin/touch /tmp/foo.</programlisting> |
| </example> |
| |
| <example> |
| <title>Allowing access to the tty</title> |
| |
| <para>The following command invokes <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> |
| as a service passing its standard input, output and error to the calling TTY.</para> |
| |
| <programlisting># systemd-run -t --send-sighup bash</programlisting> |
| </example> |
| |
| <example> |
| <title>Start <command>screen</command> as a user service</title> |
| |
| <programlisting>$ systemd-run --scope --user screen |
| Running scope as unit run-r14b0047ab6df45bfb45e7786cc839e76.scope. |
| |
| $ screen -ls |
| There is a screen on: |
| 492..laptop (Detached) |
| 1 Socket in /var/run/screen/S-fatima. |
| </programlisting> |
| |
| <para>This starts the <command>screen</command> process as a child of the |
| <command>systemd --user</command> process that was started by |
| <filename>user@.service</filename>, in a scope unit. A |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.scope</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> |
| unit is used instead of a |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> |
| unit, because <command>screen</command> will exit when detaching from the terminal, |
| and a service unit would be terminated. Running <command>screen</command> |
| as a user unit has the advantage that it is not part of the session scope. |
| If <varname>KillUserProcesses=yes</varname> is configured in |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>logind.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, |
| the default, the session scope will be terminated when the user logs |
| out of that session.</para> |
| |
| <para>The <filename>user@.service</filename> is started automatically |
| when the user first logs in, and stays around as long as at least one |
| login session is open. After the user logs out of the last session, |
| <filename>user@.service</filename> and all services underneath it |
| are terminated. This behavior is the default, when "lingering" is |
| not enabled for that user. Enabling lingering means that |
| <filename>user@.service</filename> is started automatically during |
| boot, even if the user is not logged in, and that the service is |
| not terminated when the user logs out.</para> |
| |
| <para>Enabling lingering allows the user to run processes without being logged in, |
| for example to allow <command>screen</command> to persist after the user logs out, |
| even if the session scope is terminated. In the default configuration, users can |
| enable lingering for themselves:</para> |
| |
| <programlisting>$ loginctl enable-linger</programlisting> |
| </example> |
| |
| <example> |
| <title>Return value</title> |
| |
| <programlisting>$ systemd-run --user --wait true |
| $ systemd-run --user --wait -p SuccessExitStatus=11 bash -c 'exit 11' |
| $ systemd-run --user --wait -p SuccessExitStatus=SIGUSR1 bash -c 'kill -SIGUSR1 $$$$'</programlisting> |
| |
| <para>Those three invocations will succeed, i.e. terminate with an exit code of 0.</para> |
| </example> |
| </refsect1> |
| |
| <refsect1> |
| <title>See Also</title> |
| <para> |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.scope</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.slice</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.resource-control</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.timer</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>machinectl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> |
| </para> |
| </refsect1> |
| |
| </refentry> |
