.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+
.. sectionauthor:: Copyright 2011 The Chromium OS Authors
.. Copyright 2023-2024 Linaro Ltd.

Devicetree Control in U-Boot
============================

This feature provides for run-time configuration of U-Boot via a flattened
devicetree (fdt).

This feature aims to make it possible for a single U-Boot binary to support
multiple boards, with the exact configuration of each board controlled by
a flattened devicetree (fdt). This is the approach  taken by Linux kernel for
ARM and RISC-V and has been used by PowerPC for some time.

The fdt is a convenient vehicle for implementing run-time configuration
for three reasons:

- There is already excellent infrastructure for the fdt: a compiler checks
  the text file and converts it to a compact binary format, and a library
  is already available in U-Boot (libfdt) for handling this format
- It is extensible since it consists of nodes and properties in a nice
  hierarchical format
- It is fairly efficient to read incrementally

The U-Boot Makefile infrastructure allows for building the devicetree blob
and embedding it in the U-Boot image. This is useful since it allows U-Boot
to configure itself according to what it finds there. If you have a number
of similar boards with different peripherals, you can describe the features
of each board in the devicetree file, and have a single generic source base.

To enable this feature, select `OF_CONTROL` via Kconfig.


What is a Flattened Devicetree?
-------------------------------

An fdt can be specified in source format as a text file. To read about
the fdt syntax, take a look at `the devicetree specification`_.

There is also a `devicetree compiler mailing list`_ for the compiler and
associated tools.

In case you are wondering, OF stands for Open Firmware. This follows the
convention used in Linux.


Tools
-----

To create flattened device trees the device tree compiler is used. This is
provided by U-Boot automatically. If you have a system version of dtc
(typically in the 'device-tree-compiler' package), that system version is
currently not used.

If you want to build your own dtc, it is kept here::

    git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/dtc/dtc.git

You can decode a binary file with::

    dtc -I dtb -O dts <filename.dtb>

That repo also includes `fdtget`/`fdtput` for reading and writing properties in
a binary file. U-Boot adds its own `fdtgrep` for creating subsets of the file.


Where do I get a devicetree file for my board?
----------------------------------------------

The devicetree files and devicetree bindings are maintained as part of the Linux
kernel git repository. Traditionally, U-Boot placed copies of devicetree source
files from the Linux kernel into `arch/<arch>/dts/<name>.dts`. However, this
required each board maintainer to manually keep their devicetree in sync with
the Linux kernel and often led to divergence between these copies.

U-Boot rather maintains a Git subtree as `dts/upstream/` sub-directory. It is
regularly synced with the Linux kernel and hence no need for manual devicetree
sync. You may find that the `dts/upstream/` already has a suitable devicetree
file for your board. Look in `dts/upstream/src/<arch>/<vendor>`.

If not, you might find other boards with suitable files that you can
modify to your needs. Look in the board directories for files with a
.dts extension.

Failing that, you could write one from scratch yourself!


Resyncing with devicetree-rebasing
----------------------------------

The `devicetree-rebasing repository`_ maintains a mirror copy of
devicetree files along with the bindings synced at every Linux kernel major
release or intermediate release candidates. The U-Boot maintainers regularly
sync the `dts/upstream/` subtree from the devicetree-rebasing repo whenever
the next branch opens (refer: :doc:`../release_cycle`) with the latest mainline
Linux kernel release. To sync the `dts/upstream/` subtree, run::

    ./tools/update-subtree.sh pull dts <devicetree-rebasing-release-tag>

If required, it is also possible to cherry-pick fixes from the
devicetree-rebasing repository prior to next sync, usage::

    ./tools/update-subtree.sh pick dts <devicetree-rebasing-commit-id>


Configuration
-------------

SoC/board maintainers are encouraged to migrate to use synced copies from
`dts/upstream/src/<arch>/<vendor>`. To do that add `imply OF_UPSTREAM` for the
SoC being used via Kconfig and set `DEFAULT_DEVICE_TREE=<vendor>/<name>` when
prompted by Kconfig.

However, if `dts/upstream/` hasn't yet received devicetree source file for your
newly added board support then one option is that you can add the corresponding
devicetree source file as `arch/<arch>/dts/<name>.dts`. To select that add `#
CONFIG_OF_UPSTREAM is not set` and set `DEFAULT_DEVICE_TREE=<name>` when
prompted by Kconfig. Another option is that you can use the "pick" option of
`tools/update-subtree.sh` mentioned above to bring in the commits that you
need.

This should include your CPU or SoC's devicetree file. On top of that any U-Boot
specific tweaks (see: :ref:`dttweaks`) can be made for your board.

If `OF_EMBED` is selected by Kconfig, then it will be picked up and built into
the U-Boot image (including u-boot.bin). This is suitable for debugging
and development only and is not recommended for production devices.

If `OF_SEPARATE` is selected by Kconfig, then it will be built and placed in
a u-boot.dtb file alongside u-boot-nodtb.bin with the combined result placed
in u-boot.bin so you can still just flash u-boot.bin onto your board. If Kconfig
option `SPL_FRAMEWORK` is enabled, then u-boot.img will be built to include the
device tree binary.

If `OF_BOARD` is selected by Kconfig, a board-specific routine will provide the
devicetree at runtime, for example if an earlier bootloader stage creates
it and passes it to U-Boot.

If `BLOBLIST` is selected by Kconfig, the devicetree may come from a bloblist
passed from a previous stage, if present.

If `SANDBOX` is selected by Kconfig, then it will be read from a file on
startup. Use the -d flag to U-Boot to specify the file to read, -D for the
default and -T for the test devicetree, used to run sandbox unit tests.

You cannot use more than one of these options at the same time.

To use a devicetree file that you have compiled yourself, pass
EXT_DTB=<filename> to 'make', as in::

   make EXT_DTB=boot/am335x-boneblack-pubkey.dtb

Then U-Boot will copy that file to u-boot.dtb, put it in the .img file
if used, and u-boot-dtb.bin.

If you wish to put the fdt at a different address in memory, you can
define the "fdtcontroladdr" environment variable. This is the hex
address of the fdt binary blob, and will override either of the options.
Be aware that this environment variable is checked prior to relocation,
when only the compiled-in environment is available. Therefore it is not
possible to define this variable in the saved SPI/NAND flash
environment, for example (it will be ignored). After relocation, this
variable will be set to the address of the newly relocated fdt blob.
It is read-only and cannot be changed. It can optionally be used to
control the boot process of Linux with bootm/bootz commands.

To use this, put something like this in your board header file::

   #define CFG_EXTRA_ENV_SETTINGS	"fdtcontroladdr=10000\0"

Build:

After the board configuration is done, fdt supported u-boot can be built in two
ways:

#  build the default dts which is selected by DEFAULT_DEVICE_TREE Kconfig::

    $ make

#  build the user specified dts file::

    $ make DEVICE_TREE=<dts-file-name>


.. _dttweaks:

Adding tweaks for U-Boot
------------------------

With `dts/upstream` Git subtree, it is ensured that devicetree files in U-Boot
are an exact copy of those in Linux kernel available under
`dts/upstream/src/<arch>/<vendor>`.

U-Boot is, of course, a very different project from Linux, e.g. it operates under
much more restrictive memory and code-size constraints. Where Linux may use a
full clock driver with Common Clock Format (CCF) to find the input clock to the
UART, U-Boot typically wants to output a banner as early as possible before too
much code has run.

A second difference is that U-Boot includes different phases. For SPL,
constraints are even more extreme and the devicetree is shrunk to remove
unwanted nodes, or even turned into C code to avoid access overhead.

U-Boot automatically looks for and includes a file with updates to the standard
devicetree for your board, searching for them in `arch/<arch>/dts/` in this
order::

   <orig_filename>-u-boot.dtsi
   <CONFIG_SYS_SOC>-u-boot.dtsi
   <CONFIG_SYS_CPU>-u-boot.dtsi
   <CONFIG_SYS_VENDOR>-u-boot.dtsi
   u-boot.dtsi

Only one of these is selected, but, of course, you can #include another one within
that file, to create a hierarchy of shared files.


External .dtsi fragments
------------------------

Apart from describing the hardware present, U-Boot also uses its
control dtb for various configuration purposes. For example, the
public key(s) used for Verified Boot are embedded in a specific format
in a /signature node.

As mentioned above, the U-Boot build system automatically includes a
`*-u-boot.dtsi` file, if found, containing U-Boot specific
quirks. However, some data, such as the mentioned public keys, are not
appropriate for upstream U-Boot but are better kept and maintained
outside the U-Boot repository. You can use `DEVICE_TREE_INCLUDES` Kconfig
option to specify a list of .dtsi files that will also be included when
building .dtb files.


Devicetree bindings schema checks
---------------------------------

With devicetee-rebasing Git subtree, the devicetree bindings are also regularly
synced with Linux kernel as `dts/upstream/Bindings/` sub-directory. This
allows U-Boot to run devicetree bindings schema checks which will bring
compliance to U-Boot core/drivers regarding usage of devicetree.

Dependencies
~~~~~~~~~~~~

The DT schema project must be installed in order to validate the DT schema
binding documents and validate DTS files using the DT schema. For installation
instructions, refer to the `DT schema project page`_.

Several executables (dt-doc-validate, dt-mk-schema, dt-validate) will be
installed. Ensure they are in your PATH (~/.local/bin by default).

You should also install yamllint (used by dtschema when present). On Debian/
Ubuntu systems::

    apt install yamllint

Running checks
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

In order to perform validation of DTB files, use the ``dtbs_check`` target::

    make dtbs_check

It is also possible to run checks with a subset of matching schema files by
setting the ``DT_SCHEMA_FILES`` variable to 1 or more specific schema files or
patterns (partial match of a fixed string). Each file or pattern should be
separated by ':'.

::

    make dtbs_check DT_SCHEMA_FILES=trivial-devices.yaml:rtc.yaml
    make dtbs_check DT_SCHEMA_FILES=/gpio/
    make dtbs_check DT_SCHEMA_FILES=trivial-devices.yaml


Relocation, SPL and TPL
-----------------------

U-Boot can be divided into three phases: TPL, SPL and U-Boot proper.

The full devicetree is available to U-Boot proper, but normally only a subset
(or none at all) is available to TPL and SPL. See 'Pre-Relocation Support' and
'SPL Support' in :doc:`/develop/driver-model/design` for more details.


Using several DTBs in the SPL (SPL_MULTI_DTB_FIT Kconfig option)
----------------------------------------------------------------
In some rare cases it is desirable to let SPL be able to select one DTB among
many. This is usually not very useful as the DTB for the SPL is small and usually
fits several platforms. However the DTB sometimes include information that do
work on several platforms (like IO tuning parameters).
In this case it is possible to use SPL_MULTI_DTB_FIT Kconfig option. This option
appends to the SPL a FIT image containing several DTBs listed in SPL_OF_LIST.
board_fit_config_name_match() is called to select the right DTB.

If board_fit_config_name_match() relies on DM (DM driver to access an EEPROM
containing the board ID for example), it possible to start with a generic DTB
and then switch over to the right DTB after the detection. For this purpose,
the platform code must call fdtdec_resetup(). Based on the returned flag, the
platform may have to re-initialise the DM subsystem using dm_uninit() and
dm_init_and_scan().


Limitations
-----------

Devicetrees can help reduce the complexity of supporting variants of boards
which use the same SOC / CPU.

However, U-Boot is designed to build for a single architecture type and CPU
type. So, for example, it is not possible to build a single ARM binary
which runs on your AT91 and OMAP boards, relying on an fdt to configure
the various features. This is because you must select one of
the CPU families within arch/arm/cpu/arm926ejs (omap or at91) at build
time. Similarly U-Boot cannot be built for multiple cpu types or
architectures.

It is important to understand that the fdt only selects options
available in the platform / drivers. It cannot add new drivers (yet). So
you must still have the Kconfig option to enable the driver. For example,
you need to enable SYS_NS16550 Kconfig option to bring in the NS16550 driver,
but can use the fdt to specific the UART clock, peripheral address, etc.
In very broad terms, the Kconfig options in general control *what* driver
files are pulled in, and the fdt controls *how* those files work.

History
-------

U-Boot configuration was previously done using CONFIG options in the board
config file. This eventually got out of hand with nearly 10,000 options.

U-Boot adopted devicetrees around the same time as Linux and early boards
used it before Linux (e.g. snow). The two projects developed in parallel
and there are still some differences in the bindings for certain boards.
While there has been discussion of having a separate repository for devicetree
files, in practice the Linux kernel Git repository has become the place where
these are stored, with U-Boot taking copies via
`devicetree-rebasing repository`_ and adding tweaks with u-boot.dtsi files.

.. _the devicetree specification: https://www.devicetree.org/specifications/
.. _devicetree compiler mailing list: https://www.spinics.net/lists/devicetree-compiler/
.. _devicetree-rebasing repository: https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/devicetree/devicetree-rebasing.git
.. _DT schema project page: https://github.com/devicetree-org/dt-schema/tree/main