| % File src/library/datasets/man/USArrests.Rd |
| % Part of the R package, https://www.R-project.org |
| % Copyright 1995-2016 R Core Team |
| % Distributed under GPL 2 or later |
| |
| \name{USArrests} |
| \title{Violent Crime Rates by US State} |
| \docType{data} |
| \alias{USArrests} |
| \description{ |
| This data set contains statistics, in arrests per 100,000 residents |
| for assault, murder, and rape in each of the 50 US states in 1973. |
| Also given is the percent of the population living in urban areas. |
| } |
| \usage{USArrests} |
| \format{ |
| A data frame with 50 observations on 4 variables. |
| |
| \tabular{rlll}{ |
| [,1] \tab Murder \tab numeric \tab Murder arrests (per 100,000)\cr |
| [,2] \tab Assault \tab numeric \tab Assault arrests (per 100,000)\cr |
| [,3] \tab UrbanPop \tab numeric \tab Percent urban population\cr |
| [,4] \tab Rape \tab numeric \tab Rape arrests (per 100,000) |
| } |
| } |
| \source{ |
| World Almanac and Book of facts 1975. (Crime rates). |
| |
| Statistical Abstracts of the United States 1975, p.20, (Urban rates), |
| possibly available as |
| \url{https://books.google.ch/books?id=zl9qAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA20}. |
| } |
| \note{ |
| \code{USArrests} contains the data as in McNeil's monograph. For the |
| \code{UrbanPop} percentages, a review of the table (No. 21) in the |
| Statistical Abstracts 1975 reveals a transcription error for Maryland |
| (and that McNeil used the same \dQuote{round to even} rule that \R's |
| \code{\link{round}()} uses), as found by Daniel S Coven (Arizona). |
| |
| See the example below on how to correct the error and improve accuracy |
| for the \sQuote{<n>.5} percentages. |
| } |
| \seealso{The \code{\link{state}} data sets.} |
| \references{ |
| McNeil, D. R. (1977) |
| \emph{Interactive Data Analysis}. |
| New York: Wiley. |
| } |
| \examples{ |
| summary(USArrests) |
| |
| require(graphics) |
| pairs(USArrests, panel = panel.smooth, main = "USArrests data") |
| |
| ## Difference between 'USArrests' and its correction |
| USArrests["Maryland", "UrbanPop"] # 67 -- the transcription error |
| UA.C <- USArrests |
| UA.C["Maryland", "UrbanPop"] <- 76.6 |
| |
| ## also +/- 0.5 to restore the original <n>.5 percentages |
| s5u <- c("Colorado", "Florida", "Mississippi", "Wyoming") |
| s5d <- c("Nebraska", "Pennsylvania") |
| UA.C[s5u, "UrbanPop"] <- UA.C[s5u, "UrbanPop"] + 0.5 |
| UA.C[s5d, "UrbanPop"] <- UA.C[s5d, "UrbanPop"] - 0.5 |
| |
| ## ==> UA.C is now a *C*orrected version of USArrests |
| } |
| \keyword{datasets} |