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<title>Transforming futures: f_map, f_flat_map, MapExecutor, FlatMapExecutor &#8212; more-executors documentation</title>
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<section id="transforming-futures-f-map-f-flat-map-mapexecutor-flatmapexecutor">
<h1>Transforming futures: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f_map</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f_flat_map</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MapExecutor</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FlatMapExecutor</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#transforming-futures-f-map-f-flat-map-mapexecutor-flatmapexecutor" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p>The output value of a future can be mapped to other values using a
provided function.</p>
<section id="futures-api">
<h2>Futures API<a class="headerlink" href="#futures-api" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="more_executors.f_map">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">more_executors.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">f_map</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">future</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">fn</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">error_fn</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#more_executors.f_map" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Map the output value of a future using the given functions.</p>
<p>Signature: <code class="code docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Future&lt;A&gt;,</span> <span class="pre">fn&lt;A⟶B&gt;</span> <span class="pre"></span> <span class="pre">Future&lt;B&gt;</span></code></p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>future</strong> (<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/concurrent.futures.html#concurrent.futures.Future" title="(in Python v3.11)"><em>Future</em></a>) – Any future.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>fn</strong> (<em>callable</em>) – Any callable to be applied on successful futures.
This function is provided the result of the input future.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>error_fn</strong> (<em>callable</em>) – Any callable to be applied on unsuccessful futures.
This function is provided the exception of the input future.</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt class="field-even">Returns</dt>
<dd class="field-even"><p><dl class="simple">
<dt><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/concurrent.futures.html#concurrent.futures.Future" title="(in Python v3.11)"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Future</span></code></a></dt><dd><p>A future resolved with:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>the returned value of <code class="code docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fn(future.result())</span></code></p></li>
<li><p>or the returned value of <code class="code docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">error_fn(future.exception())</span></code></p></li>
<li><p>or with the exception raised by <code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">future</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fn</span></code> or <code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">error_fn</span></code>.</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 1.19.0.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 2.2.0: </span>Introduced <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">error_fn</span></code>.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="more_executors.f_flat_map">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">more_executors.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">f_flat_map</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">future</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">fn</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">error_fn</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#more_executors.f_flat_map" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Map the output value of a future using the given future-returning functions.</p>
<p>Like <a class="reference internal" href="#more_executors.f_map" title="more_executors.f_map"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f_map()</span></code></a>, except that the mapping functions must return a future,
and that future will be flattened into the output value (avoiding a nested future).</p>
<p>Signature: <code class="code docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Future&lt;A&gt;,</span> <span class="pre">fn&lt;A⟶Future&lt;B&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="pre"></span> <span class="pre">Future&lt;B&gt;</span></code></p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>future</strong> (<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/concurrent.futures.html#concurrent.futures.Future" title="(in Python v3.11)"><em>Future</em></a>) – Any future.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>fn</strong> (<em>callable</em>) – Any future-returning callable to be applied on successful futures.
This function is provided the result of the input future.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>error_fn</strong> (<em>callable</em>) – Any future-returning callable to be applied on unsuccessful futures.
This function is provided the exception of the input future.</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt class="field-even">Returns</dt>
<dd class="field-even"><p><dl class="simple">
<dt><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/concurrent.futures.html#concurrent.futures.Future" title="(in Python v3.11)"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Future</span></code></a></dt><dd><p>A future which is:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>equivalent to that returned by <code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fn</span></code> if input future succeeded</p></li>
<li><p>or equivalent to that returned by <code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">error_fn</span></code> if input future failed</p></li>
<li><p>or resolved with an exception if any of <code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">future</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fn</span></code> or
<code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">error_fn</span></code> failed</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 1.19.0.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 2.2.0: </span>Introduced <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">error_fn</span></code>.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
</section>
<section id="executors-api">
<h2>Executors API<a class="headerlink" href="#executors-api" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="more_executors.MapExecutor">
<em class="property"><span class="pre">class</span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">more_executors.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">MapExecutor</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">delegate</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">fn</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">logger</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">name</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">'default'</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">**</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">kwargs</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#more_executors.MapExecutor" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>An executor which delegates to another executor while mapping
output values/exceptions through given functions.</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>delegate</strong> (<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/concurrent.futures.html#concurrent.futures.Executor" title="(in Python v3.11)"><em>Executor</em></a>) – an executor to which callables will be submitted</p></li>
<li><p><strong>fn</strong> (<em>callable</em>) – <p>a callable applied to transform returned values
of successful futures.</p>
<p>This callable will be invoked with a single argument:
the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">result()</span></code> returned from a successful future.</p>
<p>If omitted, no transformation occurs on <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">result()</span></code>.</p>
</p></li>
<li><p><strong>error_fn</strong> (<em>callable</em>) – <p>a callable applied to transform returned values
of unsuccessful futures.</p>
<p>This callable will be invoked with a single argument:
the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exception()</span></code> returned from a failed future.</p>
<p>If omitted, no transformation occurs on <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exception()</span></code>.</p>
</p></li>
<li><p><strong>logger</strong> (<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/logging.html#logging.Logger" title="(in Python v3.11)"><em>Logger</em></a>) – a logger used for messages from this executor</p></li>
<li><p><strong>name</strong> (<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.11)"><em>str</em></a>) – a name for this executor</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 2.2.0: </span>Introduced <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">error_fn</span></code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 2.7.0: </span>Introduced <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">name</span></code>.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="more_executors.Executors.with_map">
<em class="property"><span class="pre">classmethod</span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">Executors.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">with_map</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">executor</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">fn</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">error_fn</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">logger</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#more_executors.Executors.with_map" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Returns</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><p>a new executor which will transform results through the given function</p>
</dd>
<dt class="field-even">Return type</dt>
<dd class="field-even"><p><a class="reference internal" href="#more_executors.MapExecutor" title="more_executors.MapExecutor"><em>MapExecutor</em></a></p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="more_executors.FlatMapExecutor">
<em class="property"><span class="pre">class</span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">more_executors.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">FlatMapExecutor</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">delegate</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">fn</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">logger</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">name</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">'default'</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">**</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">kwargs</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#more_executors.FlatMapExecutor" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>An executor which delegates to another executor while mapping
output values through given future-producing functions.</p>
<p>This executor behaves like <a class="reference internal" href="#more_executors.MapExecutor" title="more_executors.MapExecutor"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MapExecutor</span></code></a>,
except that the given mapping/error functions must return instances of
<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/concurrent.futures.html#concurrent.futures.Future" title="(in Python v3.11)"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Future</span></code></a>, and the mapped future is
flattened into the future returned from this executor.
This allows chaining multiple future-producing functions into a single
future.</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>If the map/error function returns a <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/concurrent.futures.html#concurrent.futures.Future" title="(in Python v3.11)"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Future</span></code></a>, the
result/exception of that future will be propagated to the future returned
by this executor.</p></li>
<li><p>If the map/error function returns any other type, the returned future will fail
with a <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/exceptions.html#TypeError" title="(in Python v3.11)"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></code></a>.</p></li>
<li><p>If the map/error function raises an exception, the returned future will fail
with that exception.</p></li>
</ul>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>delegate</strong> (<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/concurrent.futures.html#concurrent.futures.Executor" title="(in Python v3.11)"><em>Executor</em></a>) – an executor to which callables will be submitted</p></li>
<li><p><strong>fn</strong> (<em>callable</em>) – <p>a callable applied to transform returned values
of successful futures.</p>
<p>This callable will be invoked with a single argument:
the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">result()</span></code> returned from a successful future.</p>
<p>If omitted, no transformation occurs on <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">result()</span></code>.</p>
</p></li>
<li><p><strong>error_fn</strong> (<em>callable</em>) – <p>a callable applied to transform returned values
of unsuccessful futures.</p>
<p>This callable will be invoked with a single argument:
the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exception()</span></code> returned from a failed future.</p>
<p>If omitted, no transformation occurs on <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exception()</span></code>.</p>
</p></li>
<li><p><strong>logger</strong> (<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/logging.html#logging.Logger" title="(in Python v3.11)"><em>Logger</em></a>) – a logger used for messages from this executor</p></li>
<li><p><strong>name</strong> (<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.11)"><em>str</em></a>) – a name for this executor</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 2.2.0: </span>Introduced <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">error_fn</span></code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 2.7.0: </span>Introduced <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">name</span></code>.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="more_executors.Executors.with_flat_map">
<em class="property"><span class="pre">classmethod</span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">Executors.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">with_flat_map</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">executor</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">fn</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">error_fn</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">logger</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#more_executors.Executors.with_flat_map" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Returns</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><p>a new executor which will transform results through the given
<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/concurrent.futures.html#concurrent.futures.Future" title="(in Python v3.11)"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Future</span></code></a>-providing function</p>
</dd>
<dt class="field-even">Return type</dt>
<dd class="field-even"><p><a class="reference internal" href="#more_executors.FlatMapExecutor" title="more_executors.FlatMapExecutor"><em>FlatMapExecutor</em></a></p>
</dd>
</dl>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 1.12.0.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
</section>
</section>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<h1 class="logo"><a href="../index.html">more-executors</a></h1>
<p class="blurb">A library of composable Python executors and futures</p>
<h3>Navigation</h3>
<p class="caption" role="heading"><span class="caption-text">Contents:</span></p>
<ul class="current">
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../user-guide.html">User Guide</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="../api-reference.html">Reference</a><ul class="current">
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="base-executors.html">Base executors: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">thread_pool</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">process_pool</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sync</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="retry.html">Retrying: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RetryExecutor</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="throttle.html">Throttling: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ThrottleExecutor</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="timeout.html">Timing out futures: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f_timeout</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TimeoutExecutor</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cancel.html">Cancellation of futures: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f_nocancel</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CancelOnShutdownExecutor</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="poll.html">Polling: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PollExecutor</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio.html">asyncio bridge: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">AsyncioExecutor</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="bind.html">Binding callables to executors: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bind</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">flat_bind</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="futures-create.html">Creating futures from values: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f_return*</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Transforming futures: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f_map</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f_flat_map</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MapExecutor</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FlatMapExecutor</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="futures-proxy.html">Proxy futures: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f_proxy</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="futures-apply.html">Applying functions: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f_apply</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="futures-bool.html">Boolean operations: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f_or</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f_and</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="futures-lists.html">Futures and sequences: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f_traverse</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f_sequence</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f_zip</span></code></a></li>
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<li>Previous: <a href="futures-create.html" title="previous chapter">Creating futures from values: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f_return*</span></code></a></li>
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